Queen Anne’s Lace and Her Dangerous Cousins©

 

 

Did you know that Queen Anne’s Lace, that pretty little white flower, growing innocently in the field, has some dangerous cousins?  Well, it does!

 

Queen Anne's Lace, daucus carota, is a biennial plant that is native to Europe and southwest Asia, and which can grow to 3feet (1 m) in height.  It is a member of the carrot family, Apiaceae, also known as Umbelliferae, that was brought to North America by European settlers.  But it can cause allergic reactions in those with sensitive skin, and it shares a family membership with the Wild Parnsip, pastinaca sativa, and with Poison Hemlock, conium maculatum L. 

 

Dangerous cousins...

 

Poison hemlock and wild parsnip both belong to the carrot family, and both are very dangerous to humans, but in very different ways.

Poison hemlock, Socrates?

 

Poison hemlock is often called the “deadliest plant in America”, and all parts of the plant are poisonous.  According to the USDA, theplant contains highly toxic piperidine alkaloid compounds, including coniine and gamma-coniceine, which cause respiratory paralysis⁴ and death in mammals.  Poison hemlock, conium maculatum, is the plant that was used to kill the Greek statesmen Theramenes, Polemarchus, Phocion and Socrates, and the Greek genus name Conium means to spin or whirl, referring to the symptoms of hemlock poisoning. 

 

Poison hemlock toxins to cause poisoning must either be ingested or enter the body by some other means.  Poison hemlock sap on your sap skin can allow toxins to enter your body through your eyes, or from the improper handling of food.  Poison hemlock sap on your skin does not cause skin blistering.

 

Accidental inhalation through nasal passages, if burning the plants, is also a concern.  Unlike other members of its family, poison hemlock sap does not cause skin blistering and photodermatitis.

 

Poison hemlock plants have hairless stems, which are covered with an epicuticular wax that gives the stems a blueish-green color and are covered in purplish blotches.  They have parsley or carrot-like leaves and an umbrella like spray of white flowers.  Mature poison hemlock plants can measure between 6 and 10 feet (1.8 to 3 meters) tall.

 

Wild parsnip ... don’t eat!

 

Wild parsnip contains furanocoumarins, just like other members of the Apiaceae family like giant hogweed, cow parsnip, (for more go HERE and HERE) parsley, celery, carrots, and these furanocoumarins react using their parent compound, psoralen, when activated by sunlight’s UV rays.

 

Wild parsnip sap causes severe phytophotodermatitis or skin blistering, when your skin is exposed to sunlight and UV radiation,  Phytophotodermatitis is not an immunologic response, and the symptoms typically begins within 24 hours of exposure and peak 48 to 72 hours after exposure.   At the outset, your skin turns red and starts to itch and burn.  Large blisters will form within 48 hours.  The blisters sometimes leave black, brown, or purplish scars that can last for several years.  This hyperpigmentation of the scars is caused by the production of melanin caused by the furanocoumarins.  The disconnect between the first onset of symptoms can result in blaming other plants for the blisters.

 

For more information about wild parsnip burns go HERE and HERE.

 

Wild parsnip’s hairless, coarse green stems are deeply grooved.  Wild parsnips have an umbrella like cluster of yellow-green flowers andhave parsley or carrot-like leaves.  Mature wild parsnip plants can rise as high as 8 feet (2.4 m); however, most mature plants are only 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8 m) tall.

 

Both wild parnsip and poison hemlock are often found along roadsides, frequently mixed together.

 

So, watch out while you are out and about and stay away from that not so innocent flower, queen anne’s lace, dangerous cousins!

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Sources

 

 

Boggs, Joe; “Poison Hemlock and Wild Parsnip: TOO LATE!”, May 23, 2024, [© 2016, The Ohio State University], https://bygl.osu.edu/node/2356, accessed July 27, 2024

 

Calvert, Ryan; “Native Plants of Arizona 2004: Conium maculatum L.”, https://web.archive.org/web/20120623113546/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/plants-c/bio414/species%20pages/conium%20maculatum.htm, accessed July 27, 2024

 

McMahon, Meghan; “Know the nasties”, July 2, 2019, [© 2024 The Forest Preserve District of Will County], https://www.reconnectwithnature.org/news-events/big-features/know-the-nasties/, accessed July 27, 2024

 

New York Invasive Species Information; “Giant Hogweed”, [© New York Invasive Species Information 2024], https://nyis.info/invasive_species/giant-hogweed/, accessed June 15, 2024

 

Polly, “Steer Clear of Dangerous Plant That Causes Painful Burns & Permanent Scars”, [© 2024 Big Frog 104, Townsquare Media, Inc], https://bigfrog104.com/steer-clear-of-dangerous-plant-that-causes-painful-burns-permanent-scars/?utm_source=tsmclip&utm_medium=referral, accessed June 14, 2024

 

USDA, “Conium maculatum L., poison hemlock”, https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=COMA2, accessed July 25, 2024

 

USDA, “Daucus carota L. var. carota, Queen Anne's lace”, https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=DACA6, accessed July 25, 2024

 

USDA, “Pastinaca sativa L., wild parsnip”, https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PASA2, accessed July 25, 2024

 

USDA, “Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)”, June 26, 2018, https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/poison-hemlock-conium-maculatum, accessed July 27, 2024

 

Wikimedia; The Death of Socrates, Jacques-Louis David  (1748–1825), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg, accessed July 27, 2024

 

 

What is that Spare Tire Good For?©

 

 

This article is for Max, who teased me about the survival rations around my middle...en garde Max! – Author’s note

  

We all have a “spare tire” around our waist, some more than others.  But just what is it good for?

 

Most people, when they think about being lost in the wilderness, worry about being hungry and starving to death.  That isn’t going to happen, because you can survive a long, long time on your spare tire!

 

That spare tire around your waist contains fat cells, and each fat cell is full of thousands of triglycerides.  Triglycerides are three bunches of fatty acids, and the fatty acids are made up of long chains of sixteen to eighteen carbon atoms.  Fatty acids are like “zip files”, and large numbers of them can be stored without taking up much space.  Triglycerides, densely packed with fatty acids, are released from fat cells into your bloodstream where they are absorbed and burned by your cells as fuel, when needed. 

 

The average healthy adult, weighing 154 pounds (70 kgs) has around 31 pounds (14 kgs) of stored body fat.  Each gram of fat yields 9.4 kilocalories, which means that the average person has an incredible 131,600 kilocalories in their body’s fuel reserve!  The average man, who exercises moderately, burns 2,500 kilocalories daily and the average woman with the same activity level, burns 2,000 kilocalories; this means the average man can survive for 53 days and the average woman can survive 66 days without eating, as long as they have water to drink!   Even lean people have a spare tire around their midsection and can survive between 20 and 30 days without eating.

 

Now this doesn’t imply that being overweight is good, it’s not for a lot of reasons, but at least you won’t starve to death in an emergency.

 

So, don’t panic if you are ever misplaced in the wilderness, you won’t starve before you are found, because remember “...85 percent of all lost people are found within the first 12 hours, and 97 percent are found within the first 24 hours”.⁴  You got it made in the shade!

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Sources

 

Alexander, Shana; “The Zero Calorie Diet”, LIFE, October 11, 1963, page 105 to 111, https://books.google.com/books?id=WFIEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=LIFE,+October+11,+1963&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCxL_Yh7KHAxUXFlkFHV2MDp4Q6AF6BAgBEAI#v=onepage&q=LIFE%2C%20October%2011%2C%201963&f=false, accessed July 18, 2024

 

Beachbody®, “Personal Body Fat Tester: Care and Safety Instructions”, https://img1.beachbodyimages.com/teambeachbody/image/upload/Teambeachbody/shared_assets/Shop/Gear/Body-Fat-Tester/Safety-Insert/Body-Fat-Tester-Saftey-Insert-us-en-122916.pdf, accessed July 20, 2024

 

Boon, Mariette; “How long could you live off body fat alone?”, BBC Science Focus, [© Our Media 2024], https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/how-long-could-you-live-off-body-fat-alone, , accessed July 16, 2024

 

Clark, Nancy, MS, RD; “The Athlete’s Kitchen: Fat: To Eat or Not to Eat”, Rowing News, Dec 15-29, 1996, page 4, https://books.google.com/books?id=YUcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PP4&dq=%22spare+tire%22+fat&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBq6-aqqqHAxU6lYkEHWb2BHoQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=%22spare%20tire%22%20fat&f=false, accessed July 16, 2024

 

FAA, Medical Newsletter, Volume 2, Issue 3, December 1961, page 6, https://books.google.com/books?id=7a3btsWNSm8C&pg=RA1-PA6&dq=overweight+pilot+aerospace&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq4Mmc06uHAxUJkYkEHYvYAn04MhDoAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=overweight%20pilot%20aerospace&f=false, accessed July 20, 2024

 

Havemann, Ernest; “The Wasteful, Phony Crash Dieting Craze”, LIFE Jan 19, 1959, page 103, https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA105&dq=%22spare+tire%22+fat&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBq6-aqqqHAxU6lYkEHWb2BHoQ6AF6BAgQEAI#v=onepage&q=%22spare%20tire%22%20fat&f=false, accessed July 20, 2024

 

O’Neil, Devon; “How Backcountry Search and Rescue Works”, Outside, March 4, 2016, [© 2024 Outside Interactive, Inc], https://www.outsideonline.com/2059616/how-backcountry-search-and-rescue-works, accessed July 20, 2024

 

Rathbone, Thomas M., Lt.; “Bligh’ Me-Survival at Sea!”, Surface Warfare, Volume 5, November 1980, page 16 to 17, https://books.google.com/books?id=I0ryiMThhlYC&pg=RA10-PA17&dq=how+long+can+you+survive+on+a+pound+of+body+fat&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz6em8tKmHAxXKMlkFHR0dCyAQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=how%20long%20can%20you%20survive%20on%20a%20pound%20of%20body%20fat&f=false, accessed July 16, 2024

 

Robinson, Louis; “How I Lost 180 Pounds”, Ebony, July 1966, page 36 to 44, https://books.google.com/books?id=-1rJTL1zGTwC&pg=PA36&dq=overweight+FAT+ARMY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLjJrS46uHAxWTkokEHTM4AIAQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false, accessed July 20, 2024

 

Tréguer , Pascal; “A Spare Tyre Around The Waistline: Meaning and Origin”, Word History, https://wordhistories.net/2022/04/09/sparetyre-around-waistline/, accessed July 20, 2024

 

Wikimedia, “Photographed at the Auto & Uhrenwelt Schramberg museum”, by Alf van Beem, November 5, 2015, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michelin_Emaille_Werbeschild_bild_2.JPG, accessed July 20, 2024

 

 

Indian or Mock Strawberry ©

 

 

My family and I were eating a picnic dinner, when my son asked me if the plants in the pot on the picnic table were wild strawberries.  Because of the shape of their leaves, I had thought they were back when I had gathered them from the wilder edges of my yard and saved them from the lawnmower.  But when I took a closer look at the fruit, I wasn’t so certain, since it didn’t look quite right, especially with those little bumpy, tentacle like things!

 

And when I cut it in half, it looked even less like a strawberry.  That is when I remembered that its flowers were yellow, not white like those of the wild strawberry, fragaria vesca.

 

So, “what the heck is this plant, and are the fruits edible”, I wondered?

 

It turned out to be a “Indian Strawberry” or as it is also known “The Wild Indian Strawberry”, the “Mock Strawberry”, the “False Strawberry”, or the “She Mei”, and in Latin it is “potentilla indica”.  It is a member of the rose family and is native to southeast Asia, though it has been introduced to many other areas, both as a medicinal and as an ornamental plant.  It is now naturalized in many parts of the world but is considered invasive in some regions of the United States and Canada. 

 

Indian Strawberries are edible, though they are not delicious like wild strawberries, being spongy and rather tasteless.  However, the fruit of this plant is eaten by deer, birds, raccoons, squirrels, rabbits and other rodents. 

 

While humans might find Indian Strawberries to be rather bland, historically they have been held to have important medical benefits.  According to modern researchers, extracts of indian strawberries show antioxidant, antibiotic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.  Its fruit is also used as a fever reducer (febrifuge), a tonic, and in eye infections, and a water extract of the leaves has also been used as anthelmintic to expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites. 

 

The fruit contains fructose, protein and vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D, and iron.  The fresh leaves can be used as a pot or cooking herb.  The fresh leaves can be crushed and applied externally as a medicinal poultice, to treat boils, abscesses, burns, weeping eczema, ringworm, snake or insect bites and traumatic injuries.

 

So, now we all know a little more about the Indian Strawberry and I am really glad that I saved these plants from the lawn mower.

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Sources

 

Liaqat, Muhammad, Ullah Kakar, Ihsan, Akram, Muhammad, Hussain, Shahzad, Ullah Kakar, Mohib, Ahmad, Nadeem, and Faryal, Rani; Antimicrobial and phytochemical exploration of Duchesnea indica Plant, Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 22(49&50), page 74-85, September 2021, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354339657_ANTIMICROBIAL_AND_PHYTOCHEMICAL_EXPLORATION_OF_Duchesnea_indica_PLANT, accessed July 13, 2024

 

O’Brien, Meghan; “Indian Strawberry”, December 2006, [© Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY 2002-2004], https://www.bellarmine.edu/faculty/drobinson/IndianStrawberry.asp#:~:text=It%20is%20used%20in%20the,insect%20bites%20and%20traumatic%20injuries, accessed July 11, 2024

 

Sprout, Susan; “Underfoot: Mock Strawberry or Indian Strawberry”, November 8, 2022, https://npcweb.org/underfoot-mock-strawberry-or-indian-strawberry/#:~:text=Potentilla%20indica%2C%20previously%20known%20as,makes%20a%20great%20ground%20cover, accessed July 11, 2024

 

USDA; “Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem, Indian strawberry”, https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=DUIN2, accessed July 11, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “coupes transversale et longitudinale du fruit du fraisier des Indes (Potentilla indica)”, by ruizo, June 9, 2006, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fraisier_dinde_fruit_coupe.jpg, accessed July 11, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “Flower of Fragaria vesca, east Bohemia, Czech Republic”, by Karelj, April 2011, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fragaria_vesca_Jahodn%C3%ADk_obecn%C3%BD_1.jpg, accessed July 11, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “Fragaria vesca: English: Woodland Strawberry, Wood Strawberry”, by Walter Siegmund, May 18, 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fragaria_vesca_5044.JPG, accessed July 11, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “Scheinerdbeere (Potentilla indica) in Saarbrücken”, by AnRo0002, August 16, 2014, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140816Potentilla_indica2.jpg, accessed July 11, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “Tashkent botanical garden”, by Mrshaxas, May 21, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potentilla_indica_(1).jpg, accessed July 11, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “Wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) in a garden in Bamberg”, by Reinhold Möller, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walderdbeere_Frucht-20210617-RM-124006.jpg, accessed July 11, 2024

 

The Eskimo Loop and Strap Knot...But They’re Not Really A Knots ©

 

 

They’re not really knots, but the “Eskimo Loop” and the “Strap Knot” are important “knots” to know how to make.  They were used to join two pieces of leather or rawhide thongs or to make a loop in the end of a piece of rawhide or leather strap.

 

Bandanaman, you say, “no one uses rawhide thongs or leather straps anymore, welcome to the Plasticene Age, baby” !  But as Miracle Max in Princess Bride, said “Whoo-hoo-hoo, look who knows so much...”

 

You’re right, welcome to the Plasticene Age, baby!  Synthetic, nylon, plastic straps, how are you going to fix them when they break?  That’s right, just like they did back in the leather and rawhide strap days.  The only difference is that you must melt any frayed or cut ends, to prevent them from unraveling even more.

 

Getting started...

 

You need a very sharp knife, or a razorblade, to cut  and slit the straps.  If you have a lighter, the blowtorch type works the best, so you can melt the edges to prevent them from unraveling.  However, be careful that you don’t singe your fingers, and remember melted plastic leaves nasty burns. 

 

When cutting the slits in the straps, it is best to start at the end and cut AWAY from it—this prevents accidentally cutting too far and going through the end of the strap.

 

The Strap Knot and Eskimo Loop...

 

A “strap knot” is used to splice two straps together and is an excellent way to field-repair damaged tie-down straps or backpack straps.  There are three ways to make a strap knot, the first method is to use a sheet bend knot to tie the two ends together.  However, this method uses up strapping that you might not have.  That is where the second and the third method come in. 

 

Method two involves cutting a slit in strap A about two inches (5 cm) from the end.  This slit should be in the center of strap A and should be one and one-half times as long as strap A  is wide.  Pass strap B through the slit and make a turn with strap B around strap A, then pass the end of strap B under itself where it comes through strap A.

 

 

Method three is the simplest and uses the least amount of strapping and makes the least bulky knot.  Cut a slit in the center of each strap, one and one-half times as long as the straps are wide.  Pass strap A through the slit in strap B, and then pass strap B, through the slit in strap A

 

The “eskimo loop” can be used to reattach backpack buckles when you don’t have a sewing kit, by making a loop in a strap.  Make a slit near the end of the strap that is one and one-half times as long as the strap is wide, then make a second slit that is only as long as the strap is wide, above the first slit at the length needed for the loop.  Pass the end of the strap, through the second slit and then pass the other end of the strap through your first slit.

 

Hopefully, your gear never breaks on you in the wilderness, but if it does remember the eskimo loop and strap knot, they will make your field-repairs much easier!

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

Sources

 

 

Ashley, Clifford W.; The Ashley Book of Knots, [Geoffrey Budworth, Kent, England, 1993], https://www.liendoanaulac.org/space/references/training/Ashley_Book_Knots.pdf, accessed January 25, 2022

 

Boas, Franz; The Eskimo of Baffin and Hudson Bay, Volume 15, [Trustees of The American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y., 1901], page 34-36, https://books.google.com/books?id=O9AvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA36&dq=eskimo+loop+knot&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqiKfggIKHAxXzFVkFHXgiCx8Q6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=eskimo%20loop%20knot&f=false, accessed July 5, 2024

 

Hillcourt, William; “Let’s Shuffle Along”, Boys' Life, January 1943, page 7 – 8, [Boy Scouts of America, New York, NY, 1943], https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QkFwOcUioC&pg=PA9&dq=splicing+thongs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVn9_sl4KHAxXlEmIAHaSXBzMQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=splicing%20thongs&f=false, accessed July 5, 2024

 

Kephart, Horace; Camping and Woodcraft: A Handbook for Vacation Campers, Volume 2, [The Macmillan Company, New York, NY, 1923], pages 316, https://books.google.com/books?id=D80g7lyu_l4C&pg=PA316&dq=splicing+thongs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVn9_sl4KHAxXlEmIAHaSXBzMQ6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=splicing%20thongs&f=false, Accessed July 5, 2024

 

Powell, J.W.; Annual Reports, Volume 9, 1887-88, [Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1892], page 301-302, https://books.google.com/books?id=a9gRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA312&dq=eskimo+knot&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-wqC9iYKHAxWDFlkFHZyuAec4MhDoAXoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=eskimo%20knot&f=false, accessed July 5, 2024

 

Riley, H.W., Behrends, F.G., Robb, B.B.; Cornell 4-H Club Bulletin, Bulletin 13, June 1925, [Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1925], page 7, https://books.google.com/books?id=ATc5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA8&dq=%22strap+knot%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjywLLa55CHAxXfMlkFHUAEBhMQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=%22strap%20knot%22&f=false, accessed July 5, 2024

 

Riley, H.W., Behrends, F.G., Robb, B.B.; Cornell Extension Bulletin, Issue 62, [Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., April 1923], page 39

https://books.google.com/books?id=v_cjAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA11-PA39&dq=%22strap+knot%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjywLLa55CHAxXfMlkFHUAEBhMQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=%22strap%20knot%22&f=false, accessed July 5, 2024

 

Roehl, Louis Michael; Rope Work, [The Bruce Publishing Co., Milwaukee, W.I., 1921], page 26, https://books.google.com/books?id=PjJRuN6V5nIC&pg=PA26&dq=%22strap+knot%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjywLLa55CHAxXfMlkFHUAEBhMQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=%22strap%20knot%22&f=false, accessed July 5, 2024

 

Wessel, Bill; “Leather Work: Second Session”, Scouting, Volumes 15, No, 4, [Boy Scouts of America, New York, NY, 1927], page 7, https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_e-HRHkl4oC&pg=RA26-PA7&dq=splicing+thongs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVn9_sl4KHAxXlEmIAHaSXBzMQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=splicing%20thongs&f=false, accessed July 5, 2024