How Long Would You Last? Part One©

 

 

Just over 114 years ago, on April 15th, 1912, the RMS Titanic sank and of the approximately 2,200 people aboard the ship when it wentdown, only 706 are known to have survived!  Everyone knows that there were too few lifeboats to hold even half of the people onboard, but there were enough life jackets for everyone, so why did so many people die? 

 

The night the Titanic scraped its starboard side along the iceberg, the weather was calm, clear, and colder than average for April in the north Atlantic.  According to Third Officer Herbert J. Pitman, the air temperature “...may have been 40 ... 35 to 40 [degrees Fahrenheit or, 2 to 4 degrees Celsius]”¹.  When the Titanic sank, just two and a half hours later at 2:20 am, plunging the survivors into the icy waters of the north Atlantic, the temperature of the sea was about 28^o F (-2.2^o C).  This is below the freezing point of fresh water, which freezes at 32^o F (0^o C), and was hovering around the freezing point of seawater, since seawater freezes at about 28.4^o F (-2 ^o C), because of the salt in it.

 

According to the testimony of both Second Officer C. H. Lightoller and Third Officer Herbert J. Pitman, all the passengers had access to life vests and most of the people who plunged into the water when the ship went down were wearing one.

 

The only good news for the survivors, whether they were floating or swimming in the icy waters of the north Atlantic, was that since the weather was described as calm, there was no wind and therefore no windchill.

 

But the water was cold, cold, cold, and cold water can kill you quickly!  As Second Officer C. H. Lightoller explained in his book, Titanic and Other Ships, as he rode the stern of the ship into the sea, “Striking the water was like a thousand knives being driven into one’s body, and for a few moments I completely lost grip of myself and no wonder, for I was perspiring freely, whilst the temperature of the water was 28º or 4º below freezing”³.

 

According to the testimony of Third Officer Herbert J. Pitman, who was in Lifeboat No. 5, three to four hundred yards away as the Titanic’s stern slipped below the waves, that a chorus of “Crying, shouting, moaning” began “From the water, after the ship disappeared” and continued “for about an hour” before it “died away gradually”⁴.

 

And an hour after the Titanic had disappeared forever below the surface, all of those still in the water, except for Charles Joughin⁴, were dead, not from drowning, but from the effects of the cold water. 

 

The Titanic was a tragedy but is there anything that we learn from the tragic deaths of all those unfortunate people who died in the cold waters of the north Atlantic on that April night, so long ago, something that could help us if we ever end up in cold water? 

 

Come back next week and read “How Long Would You Last?  Part Two©”, where we will talk about the lessons the Titanic victims can teach us about surviving cold water.

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

Notes

 

¹ “United States Senate Inquiry: Day 4 - Testimony of Herbert J. Pitman”, by the Titanic Inquiry Project and “Weather maps from the night the Titanic sank”, by Jesse Ferrell.

 

² “How weather helped sink the Titanic”, by Blake Mathews and “Weather maps from the night the Titanic sank”, by Jesse Ferrell.

 

³ “Second Officer C.H. Lightoller – Sinking and Collapsible B”, by Titanic’s Officers.

 

⁴ “United States Senate Inquiry: Day 4 - Testimony of Herbert J. Pitman”, by the Titanic Inquiry Project.

 

 

Sources

 

Ferrell, Jesse; “Weather maps from the night the Titanic sank”, AccuWeather, April 12, 2022, https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/weathermatrix/weather-maps-from-the-night-the-titanic-sank/1173542#:~:text=Although%20the%20weather%20itself%20didn,certainly%20contributed%20to%20the%20tragedy, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Joiner, William C. SSGT; “Cold Water Immersion”, Aerospace Safety, United States Air Force, Volumes 34, Number 1, January 1978, page 6 to 7, https://books.google.com/books?id=BDf0AAAAMAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA12-PA7&dq=water+chill+without+anti+exposure+suit&hl=en#v=onepage&q=water%20chill%20without%20anti%20exposure%20suit&f=false, accessed April 24, 2024

 

Kalkomey Enterprises, LLC; “Stages 1 and 2 of Cold Water Immersion”, [© 1998–2024], https://www.boat-ed.com/canada/studyGuide/Stages-1-and-2-of-Cold-Water-Immersion/10119902_114125/, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Mathews, Blake; “How weather helped sink the Titanic”, April 10, 2018, https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/how-weather-helped-sink-the-titanic/285-537036316#:~:text=The%20lookouts%20along%20with%20the,lethal%20temperature%20for%20any%20person, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Navigation Center; “How Large Was The Iceberg That Sank The Titanic”, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, United States Coast Guard, https://web.archive.org/web/20140105034754/http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=iipHowLargeWasTheIcebergThatSankTheTITANIC, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Parchman, Greg, Capt.; “So, Let Me Get This Straight-High Body Fat is a Good Thing?”, Approach, Volume 41, Issue 2, March -April, 1996, page 18 to 20, https://books.google.com/books?id=LQNQRzJjOoQC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA20&dq=water+chill+without+anti+exposure+suit&hl=en#v=onepage&q=water%20chill%20without%20anti%20exposure%20suit&f=false, accessed April 24, 2024

 

Titanic Inquiry Project; “United States Senate Inquiry: Day 4 - Testimony of Herbert J. Pitman”, [Copyright © 1998-2017: Titanic Inquiry Project], https://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq04Pitman03.php, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Titanic’s Officers; “Second Officer C.H. Lightoller – Sinking and Collapsible B”, © 2024 TitanicOfficers.com, https://www.titanicofficers.com/titanic_04_lightoller_08.html, accessed April 27, 2024

 

United State Coast Guard; “Cold Water Survival & Hypothermia–You May Not Know As Much As You Think”, https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/5p/CG-5PC/CG-CVC/CVC3/notice/flyers/Cold_Water_Survival_Hypothermia.pdf, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “Jack Thayers description of the sinking of RMS Titanic”, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thayer-Sketch-of-Titanic.png, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “The iceberg suspected of having sunk the RMS Titanic”, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Titanic_iceberg.jpg, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Lost©

 

 

Personally, I try not to use the word “lost”¹, it is freighted with negative emotions, however that is the title of the Boy Scouts of America booklet that I found.  Since it is a hard to find pamphlet, and close to 75 years old, I uploaded it to Archive.org, HERE.  However, I thought that you would like a sneak preview of the survival information from the leaflet, along with some discussion.  So here it is.

 

Horace Kephart was quoted as saying, “In the school of the woods, there is no graduation day”, and he continued that the woodcraft tricks that you know don’t always transfer from one wilderness area to another, i.e. arctic spruce forest to tropical jungle, but the basics like not panicking, being coolheaded and being observant do.

 

Survival fundamentals rules are timeless and if you follow them, you can turn an emergency from a tragedy to simply an unfortunatesituation.

 

Remember, as the Arctic explorer Vihjalmur Stefansson said, if you can sleep, go ahead.  It is a myth that you will fall asleep and not awake because of the cold UNLESS you are so fatigued from lack of sleep, that you pass out.  So, rest whenever possible and conserve your energy...you will need it later!

 

And as Winston Churchill said, at Harrow, on October 29^th, 1941, “Never give in...never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in.”.

 

I hope that you are never in a wilderness emergency, but if you are, I hope you use the information from this pamphlet to turn an emergency into a simply unfortunate misplaced situation, instead of letting it spiral out of control into a lost tragedy.

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

¹ I prefer using the term “misplaced”, instead of “lost” because misplaced things are ultimately found, but lost things never are.

 

 

Sources

 

Boy Scouts of America; Lost, [Boy Scouts of America, New York City, NY, 1950]

 

When the crow caws three times©

 

 

Click HERE for what does the crow say

 

Conventional folklore has it that when a crow looks at you and caws three times, that someone close to you has died and that the crow has come to tell you the bad news.  There is a nesting pair of crows near my house, and if that was true, then I wouldn’t have any family left!  So, what does it mean when a crow caws three times?

 

Caw...Caw...Caw...

 

American crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos, are very smart, are occasional tool users¹, and have a complex social structure, with research showing that they use analogical reasoning and can recognize faces of individual humans.

 

So, do crows’ caws mean anything?  The short answer is yes, according to Douglas Wacker, a researcher at the University of Washington at Bothell, who noted that crows “wouldn’t take the time or spend the energy to make all of these vocalizations unless they serve some purpose”.²  Crows make caws, rattles, croaks, clicks, honks, coos, and other sounds, the thing is that crows vocal ranges and repertoire of calls are so complex, that no one knows really knows what they are saying.  While crows’ calls are subtle and varied, there are two main types of calls, contextual calls with the crow responding to something in its environment, and non-contextual, with calls that don’t seem to be triggered by an event happening in the crows’ environment.

 

In fact, according to Kevin McGowan, a Crow researcher of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, “Crows may be more complex communicators than other birds”.  In fact, according to McGowan, crow is more like Mandarin or Vietnamese, which are very complex tonal languages, where the same “word” can be used to mean different things, depending on the tone and how it’s used.³  So, a crow can use “caw” to mean different things, depending on the volume, the tone, and the number and the speed of the “caws”.

 

But what does it mean?

 

According to McGowan, “There’s a call they give that says, ‘heads up everybody, there’s a hawk’.  But they can also indicate ‘it’s getting closer, now we better hide’.   It’s the same word, but they speed up, ‘cawcawcaw’.  Finally, they change into a very different vocalization, which means ‘hide’.  He added, “There’s a lot in crow-speak that has to do with the timing of the notes, the space between them, and how quickly they are uttered”.  It would be like human-created music as language, where someone playing the same notes on a piano very softly (pianissimo), has a different meaning than someone playing the same the notes on the same piano very forcefully (fortissimo), the notes are the same, but the delivery and message are quite different.⁴

 

The most common crow calls are non-contextual companion or contact calls.  A companion call is an unhurried and relaxed series of one to ten “caws”, followed by a silence during which the crow is listening for a response.  This is followed by another burst of “caws” and more silence.  These calls don’t seem to be triggered by anything specific in the crows’ world.  It is just the crow’s way of saying “I am here, this is my territory, this pot is taken, the coast is clear, nothing exciting happening here, everything is fine here”!⁵ 

 

So, a “caw...caw...caw...” is just the crow’s way of saying hello.

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

 

¹ “American crows that excel at tool use activate neural circuits distinct from less talented individuals”, by Pendergraft et. al.

 

² “Can Crows Talk? And If So, What Are They Saying?”, by A. Fonté,

 

³ “Crow communication is complicated”, by Joe Rankin,

 

⁴ Ibid.

 

⁵ “Can Crows Talk? And If So, What Are They Saying?”, by A. Fonté,

 

Sources

 

Fonté, A.; “Can Crows Talk? And If So, What Are They Saying?”, May 5, 2023, [© 2024 THE ARENA MEDIA BRANDS, LLC], https://pethelpful.com/birds/Can-Crows-Talk-And-If-So-What-Are-They-Saying#:~:text=The%20best%20explanation%20is%20that,four%20caws%2C%20repeated%20over%20time, accessed April 13, 2024

 

Pendergraft, LomaJohn T., Marzluff, John M., Shimizu, Toru, and Templeton, Christopher N.; “American crows that excel at tool use activate neural circuits distinct from less talented individuals”, October 3, 2023, [Nature Communications, (2023) 14:6539], https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10589215/#:~:text=Individual%20variation%20in%20the%20ability,that%20favor%20adopting%20tool%20use, accessed April 13, 2024

 

Rankin, Joe; “Crow communication is complicated”, [©2024 www.burlingtonfreepress.com], https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/news/, accessed April 13, 2024

 

Wikimedia, “American crow, City Park, New Orleans, Louisiana”, April 11, 2018, Melissa McMasters, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_crow_(40896666114).jpg, accessed April 13, 2024

 

Wikimedia, “American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada”, July 28, 2019, Ryan Hodnett, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_Crow_(Corvus_brachyrhynchos)_-_Kitchener,_Ontario_2019-07-28.jpg, accessed April 13, 2024

 

Wikimedia, “FIELD MARKS-black,iridescent plumage overall long,heavy,black bill brown eyes black legs and feet”, May 3, 2012, cuatrok77, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AMERICAN_CROW_(6997589886).jpg, accessed April 13, 2024

 

Could You Survive...A Broken Femur!?©

 

 

Hey, wait, the picture above doesn’t have anything to do with broken femurs!  What gives?

 

Yep, you’re right.  What it means, is that I have been sick all week and just didn’t have in me to research a full article, so this week I amcalling in some help from Tech. Sgt. Charles Arnold of the United States Air Force. 

 

A fall from a great height or a high-speed car collision can result in a femoral shaft fracture, which is a severe injury.  A fractured femur, also known as a thighbone, is a bad break that requires serious and immediate attention.

 

Compounding all of this is that a broken femur can present in several different ways, the bone could be displaced or not, and could be “open” (compound), where the bone has ripped through the skin and muscle and is sticking out or “closed” (simple) with no exterior wound. 

 

So, with the weather worsening, what do you do?

 

According to Tech. Sgt. Charles Arnold of the United States Air Force, your best alternative is choice D), begin first aid and stabilize your friend, and then prepare for a short stay in the wilderness, and once the snow stops falling you can think about signaling for help.

 

But just how do you take care of an injury that severe?  Along with heavy bleeding, broken bones are commoninjuries in the wilderness, and knowing how to treat a broken bone or stop bleeding is a vital first aid skill that you should know BEFORE going into the wilderness.  However, below are some hints from other authors that might help, for more information see the links in the sources.

·       Move the victim as little as possible during first aid.

·       Stopping the Bleeding is the number one priority, stop the bleeding and clean and bandage the wound.

·       If the bone is sticking out through the skin, the limb is visibly deformed, or you can hear or feel grating, then you know the bone is broken.  If the limb is too painful for the victim to move it or use it, then assume the bone is broken.

·       Splints are like an exoskeleton and immobilize and hold a broken limb in place.  Broken limbs swell, so don’t forget padding. 

·       For open fractures, where bone is sticking out, apply pressure to stop the bleeding, rinse the bone with lots of sterile water.  Don’t scrub the wound, touch it or bandage the bone or wound.  Reduce the fracture as best as you can with traction.  Cover the open wounds and splint the limb.

·       For fractured limbs that have reduced CSM (circulation, sensation, or movement), traction can improve the circulation and reduce pain.

·       In wilderness medicine, traction splints are usually make-shift devices that are “MacGyvered” out of whatever is available.

 

However, Justin Hensley MD, wrote that if you are unable to improvise a traction splint, then simply splinting the limb in its current position to immobilize it, will also work.

 

Hopefully, you will never have to deal with a fractured femur, however since it could happen, you need to be prepared.  Get advanced first aid training BEFORE you go into the wilderness!

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Sources

 

 

Arnold, Charles, T. Sgt.; “Could You Survive”, Spokane Daily Chronicle, March 8, 1977, p 17, https://books.google.com/books?id=4vlLAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA35&dq=%22spokane+daily+chronicle%22+%22could+you+survive%22&article_id=3378,2133001&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipqYve8qmFAxWtEFkFHQMiA2I4ChDoAXoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false, accessed April 4, 2024

 

Behnke, Nicole Kellan, MD, Orthopaedic Surgery, “Principles of limb immobilization: backcountry applications”, August 19, 2022, https://www.ohsu.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/OM22-4-Behnke.pdf, accessed April 5, 2024

 

Hensley, Justin, MD; “Femoral traction splints, helpful or not?”, November 3, 2020, [© 2024 LITFL], https://litfl.com/femoral-traction-splints-helpful-or-not/, accessed April 5. 2024

 

Vuković , Diane; “How to Set and Splint a Broken Bone in the Wilderness (with Pictures)”, [© 2024 Primal Survivor], https://www.primalsurvivor.net/broke n-bone-wilderness/, accessed April 5, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “Medical X-rays”, by Nevit Dilmen, 2011, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medical_X-Ray_imaging_IYN05_nevit.jpg, accessed April 5, 2024

 

Wikipedia, “Open fracture”, by Saltanat, August 28, 2008, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_fracture_01.JPG, accessed April 6, 2024