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Sunday, January 28, 2024

Winter Survival Tips, Part One©

 

 


Sometimes, genuinely good, truly useful information just doesn’t fit into an article!  So, here is a collection of winter survival tips, that didn’t make it, into earlier articles.

 

Winter and cold temperatures...

Winter, winter storms and arctic cold are brought to you, courtesy of the Earth’s 24o tilt.

 


Let’s face it guys, according to the statistics, we do stupid things, and that is why most of the winter deaths are men.  So, try not to do stupid things but remember, if you MUST do stupid things, do them CAREFULLY!

 


According to MedicineNet1 because of the higher blood flow in the head and neck 40 to 45 percent of your body’s heat is lost through your head and neck.  Always have a knit


wool or synthetic hat in your pocket and if you are getting cold put it on, and if you become too warm, take it off and put it back into your pocket.  Keep it in your pocket, not your pack, in an emergency what you have in your pockets is all that you have.  And don’t forget your hands and feet, survival is very, very, difficult with frozen or damaged feet and hands!

 


Your first shelter against the wind, the wet and the cold are your clothes.  But what fabric is best for winter?

 


That’s an easy one, wool or man-made synthetics are best because they either retain some insulating ability when wet (wool) or dry fast (synthetics).  Even if they dry fast or retain some insulation value when wet, your clothes must be kept dry from both outside precipitation, accidental drenching, and perspiration.  Wet clothes can lose up to 90% of their insulating  value and can lose body heat 240 times faster than if they were dry. 

 

Don’t forget to come back next week for even more winter survival tips, in “Winter Survival Tips, Part Two ©”.

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

1 The MedicineNet article can be found HERE

 

Sources

 

Circle No. 36, Reader Service Card; Backpacker, March 1995, https://books.google.com/books?id=5t4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA73&dq=winter+survival+tips&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVgsfYmO-DAxXyCTQIHcexCGgQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=winter%20survival%20tips&f=false, page 73, accessed January 27, 2024

 

Flemens, Norm, Maj.; “Hot Info About Cold Weather”, Combat Crew, Volume 34, January 1984, page 19 to 20, https://books.google.com/books?id=KgMQ17xpzVMC&pg=PA18&dq=winter+survival+tips&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqtLWtxO-DAxUBFVkFHfIBAx04HhDoAXoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=winter%20survival%20tips&f=false, accessed January 27, 2024

 

House, Mike, Sgt.; “Motorcyclists Warned of Hypothermia”, Driver, Volume 19, Issue 10, March 1986, page 25, https://books.google.com/books?id=HkxdD5t6SdIC&pg=PA25&dq=heat+loss+wet+clothes&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpiNedqv6DAxXuF2IAHfztBbYQ6AF6BAgMEAI#v=onepage&q=heat%20loss%20wet%20clothes&f=false, accessed January 27, 2024

 

United States Immigration and Naturalization Service; Safety and Health Guidebook, page 77-95, [MA-502, May 2000], https://books.google.com/books?id=JR-lqAaTZGAC&pg=PA95&dq=winter+survival+tips&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiw-8G_m--DAxWUFzQIHUnTC144ChDoAXoECA0QAg#v=onepage&q=winter%20survival%20tips&f=false, accessed January 27, 2024

 

United States Air Force Survival School, 3636 Combat Crew Training Wing, Fairchild AFB, Washington; “Winter Survival Tips”, Boys' Life, December 1990, [Boy Scouts of America. Irving TX], page 75, https://books.google.com/books?id=jfgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75&dq=winter+survival+tips&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVgsfYmO-DAxXyCTQIHcexCGgQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=winter%20survival%20tips&f=false, accessed January 27, 2024

 

Sunday, January 21, 2024

Blizzard Survival, Any Snow-Hole In A Storm Will Do! ©

 



Author’s Note – This is just a quick summary of what to do to survive in Arctic or blizzard conditions.  Entire books have been written on this and on building snow-shelters, read them before trying this yourself.

 

The National Weather Service defines a blizzard1 as a winter storm which contains large amounts of snow, or which whips up and blows around snow that is already on the ground2, with winds above 35 mph (56 kph), and visibilities below 1/4 mile (400 meters) for at least 3 hours.  Oh, and after the Sun goes down, the visibility will get even worse.

 


According to the National Weather Service, blizzards often develop on the northwest side of a storm system.  The contrast between the lower pressure center of the storm and the higher pressure to the west creates a pressure gradient between two locations, resulting in very strong winds.  These winds will pick up any snow from the ground, or blow any snow which is falling, creating significant drifting and low visibilities.

 

Did you ever wonder what you should do if you got stuck out on foot, in the middle of a blizzard? 

 

First, don’t keep walking, unless help is clearly visible within 100 yards (91 meters), and don’t panic.  Next, Stop, Think, Observe and organize, and then Prioritize and plan.  Remember, with the windchill, you don’t have long to plan, because even if you are properly dressed, with the wind chill you could freeze to death very quickly. 

 


First things first, get out of the wind, the wind is a killer!  You need shelter NOW!  But what’s around you that you can use for shelter, that’s right, snow and snow drifts!  So, how do you use the snow for shelter?  Let’s talk about it.

 


First, look for an area of deep snow or a snow drift on the leeward side3 of a wind barrier.  In North America, or anywhere between 35 and 60o north latitude, the prevailing winds during the winter blow most often from the west or northwest.  This means that you will generally find snow drifts on the east and southeast sides of hills, gullies, trees, shrubs, or other wind barriers.

 


There are four types of shelters you can build depending on the conditions you find in your immediate area, a shelter-trench in shallow snow, a tree-hole under an evergreen, an emergency snow-cave in a drift or a snow-hole in deep snow. 

 

But remember, while you must work quickly because of the windchill, digging in the snow is hard work and you don’t dare work up a sweat, so you also must also work slowly.  Remember, the key to survival is to “take your time”.

 

Keep your shelter as basic as possible; it will be less work and it will be easier to build.  Don’t spend much time digging your shelter, keep it simple! 

 

If the snow is less than three feet (1 meter) deep, dig and kick out a trench, lie down in it and cover yourself with loose snow.

 

To make a tree-hole shelter under an evergreen, an emergency snow-cave in a drift, or a snow-hole in deep snow, you need to find a snow drift or an area of snow at least three feet (1 meter) deep, so that the roof of your shelter is at least six to eight inches (15 to 20 cm) thick, although two feet (60 cm) thick would be better. 

 


And once you are in your shelter and out of the wind, get some rest and don’t worry about sleeping, it’s your body’s way of conserving precious energy.  Only if you are truly exhausted, is there any danger of freezing to death in your sleep, usually you will wake up when you get cold.

 


And don’t worry about running out of air, new fallen snow is 62% to 95% air and even older packed-down snow is 40% air.  In fact, that is why snow is such a good insulator, three times as insulating as wood!  Put an insulating barrier between you and the snow and the ground, such as evergreen boughs, a piece of plastic, a blanket, etc. 

 

And don’t forget, if you can dig down to the ground, it will be warmer.  But you will need some insulation between you and theground, either six to eight inches (15 to 20 cm) of snow, some evergreen boughs, or at least a piece plastic, otherwise you’ll up sleeping on mud.

 


As you exhale, you breathe out 4.4% carbon dioxide and less than 1% carbon monoxide.  Carbon dioxide is heavier than air and it will sink to the lowest point of the shelter, but carbon monoxide (CO) is slightly lighter than air and mixes evenly with the air in the shelter.  Your shelter needs to have a flow of warm air that is rising and then cooling and sinking to keep the CO from building up.  This is especially true if you use a candle, a can of Sterno, a gas or a butane stove to warm up your snow-shelter.  ALWAYS make sure that you ventilate your shelter by pushing a stick or ski pole through the roof (leave the stick, sticking through the roof, so you can clear the vent during your stay in the shelter) to let the CO escape and leaving a hole in the loose snow plugging the entrance will to help the air flow, the smaller the opening the warmer the shelter.  Experts suggest that a hole the size of a standard ski pole basket (about 2 inches or 5 centimeters across) is best.

 


A Tree-Hole

 

Dig or kick out a trench or a hole in the deep snow under an evergreen tree, climb in and plug the entrance with loose snow leaving a small opening for ventilation.  And don’t forget a roof vent.

 


An Emergency Snow-Cave

 

If you’re near a steep bank or hillside, then dig and kick your way into the drift until you have a cozy cave and plug the entrance up with loose snow, leaving a small opening for ventilation.  And again, don’t forget a roof vent.

 


A Snow-hole

 

If you’re snow field and the snow is up to your waist, then lay down
and kick and dig your way down until you are down three feet (1 meter) before digging to the side, filling in the entrance with loose snow,
leaving a small opening for ventilation, as you dig sideways. 

 


Hopefully, you will never be trapped outside in a blizzard, but remember if you are, the drifting snow is your friend and the best way to escape the killer wind!

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

1 In the 1870's, an Iowa newspaper used the word “blizzard” to describe a snowstorm.  Previously, the term blizzard referred to a cannon shot or a volley of musket fire.  By the 1880's, the word “blizzard” was used by many across the United States and in England to describe a strong winter storm.

 

From

 

2 Strong winds which pick up snow that has already fallen, create what is a called a “ground blizzard”.

 

3 The side of something that provides the most shelter from the prevailing wind.

 

Sources

 

Department Of The Air Force, Survival Training Edition, AF Manual 64-3, [Air Training Command, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., August 15, 1969], page 5-10 to 5-13, https://books.google.com/books?id=UaapWEpqo4cC&pg=PP3&lpg=PP3&dq=%22survival+training+edition%22+Af-64-3&source=bl&ots=EQPVWHeJ8j&sig=ACfU3U2tRMF4EHMi96DVdMj-9tV_MA3xWQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimvOjN6vvnAhXEla0KHZPTAO44ChDoATABegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=%22survival%20training%20edition%22%20Af-64-3&f=false, accessed April 16, 2018

 

Grout, William; “To Survive in the Snow – Dig in!”, Skiing, December 1972, https://books.google.com/books?id=joWd9s5ijysC&pg=PT24&dq=snow+trench&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjziISfie2DAxW9lokEHbBPAyM4MhDoAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=snow%20trench&f=false, accessed January 20, 2024

 

Koskella, K.R., Captain; “Cold Weather: Are You Prepared to Survive?”, Approach, February 1985, page 22 to 24, https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt3fueQgHu0C&pg=PP26&dq=%22snow+cave%22+survival&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwgYyAiuCDAxXTmokEHWH2DgkQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=%22snow%20cave%22%20survival&f=false, accessed January 20, 2024

 

Lee, John F., Major; Ground Temperature Data of Biological Significance, Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory (U.S.), [Fort Wainwright, Alaska, April 1967], page 1, https://books.google.com/books?id=1xflAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=%22ground+temperature%22+snow+shelter&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiY0fCP5OyDAxVGEFkFHeprA_0Q6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=%22ground%20temperature%22%20snow%20shelter&f=false, accessed January 20, 2024

 

Macmillan Higher Education; “Figure 41.6: Global Atmospheric Circulation and Prevailing Winds”, https://www.macmillanhighered.com/BrainHoney/Resource/6716/digital_first_content/trunk/test/hillis2e/asset/img_ch41/c41_fig06.html, accessed January 20, 2024

 

National Weather Service, “Winter Storms and Blizzards - National Weather Service”, https://www.weather.gov/fgz/WinterStorms, accessed January 17, 2024

 

Sumner, David; “Snow Caves: A lesson from the Ptarmigan” Backpacker, February 1977, page 29 to 31 and 63 to 66,

https://books.google.com/books?id=7-MDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false, accessed January 20, 2024

 

The Montana Department of Environmental Quality; Wind Energy Atlas, Chapter 3, https://deq.mt.gov/files/Energy/EnergizeMT/EnergySites/WindAtlas/Chapter3.PDF, accessed January 20, 2024

 

The Weather Company; “Buffalo, NY Weather History”, [© Copyright TWC Product and Technology LLC 2014, 2024], https://www.wunderground.com/history/monthly/us/ny/buffalo, accessed January 17, 2024

 

University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension; “Windbreaks for Snow Management”, https://www.fs.usda.gov/nac/assets/documents/morepublications/ec1770.pdf, accessed January 20, 2024

 

U.S. Department of the Army; Field Fortifications: FM 5-15, [Washington D. C., August 1949], page 178 to 180, https://books.google.com/books?id=u-YHx8wD2vkC&pg=PA180&dq=snow+cave+shelter&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiS4oypw-ODAxUoDHkGHVRFDhYQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=snow%20cave%20shelter&f=false, accessed January 20, 2024

 

United States Department of the Army; Survival, Evasion, and Escape” FM 21-76, [Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., March 1968], page 141 https://books.google.com/books?id=6rfAQM0yJUoC&pg=PP1&dq=%22Survival,+Evasion,+and+Escape+%221969&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU0tiq1uyDAxVXE1kFHaDHDawQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Survival%2C%20Evasion%2C%20and%20Escape%20%221969&f=false, accessed January 20, 2024

 

U.S. Department of the Interior; “Red Rim Petition Evaluation Document: Environmental Impact Statement”, [U.S. Office of Surface Mining, Washington D.C., October 1985], page 406 to 412, https://books.google.com/books?id=0_A3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA408&lpg=PA408&dq=%22the+influence+of+topography+on+winter+range%22&source=bl&ots=73pWO6S4g1&sig=ACfU3U0P1xYiKNUKIPSddnhRGXptJa0X0w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0wePByeyDAxUpFVkFHVL6DDgQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=%22the%20influence%20of%20topography%20on%20winter%20range%22&f=false, accessed January 20, 2024

 

U.S. Navy; Survival Training Guide, NAVAER 00-80T-56, November 1955, [Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office], page 8-7 to 8-10, https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadMXkcydSphV8cI8UocQe4U6kO6HynyYVS-uS866pfax6PBnFIxXRjLkeRv6hLvbHzdZwrnw5o08b3MH7Goq9Q0Bu67rXza024NnNmS5sFmTXND66jfgCBvst9v-KxpoXRe9S9lNDhoDVgs2JG53oso2I-LgNs1XSKcyIyU8Cx1eIncUxwXx4thehldtGBYeZFLRP8R7KhLqiO4BKsb8uofVaNFqNuGffD0OdUuLkN9V42djgFggOYCgIzwU2RAr9CplG3i, accessed May 13, 2023

 

Wikimedia; “Near-whiteout conditions during the peak of the storm in Seekonk, Massachusetts on January 29, 2022”, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Near-whiteout_conditions.png, accessed January 17, 2024

 

Sunday, January 14, 2024

An Unexpected Overnighter©

 

 


As long as people have been wandering the wilderness, people have become misplaced1 and have experienced an “unexpected overnighter”!  Even Daniel Boone once famously admitted, “No, I can’t say as ever I was lost, but I was bewildered once for three days2 (for more read, “Being Bewildered and Bending the Map ©, HERE).  But what hasn’t changed is what you are supposed to do when it happens.



In the early 1820’s, in what was then the wilderness, but today is what we call Medina County, Ohio, USA, Mr. William H. Bell went out to look for his cows, but it got dark, and he became confused as to the way home, so he stopped and sat down by the side of tree and waited for morning’s light to make his trail home clear.  It was a common situation, but if you read into this story there are three bits of excellent survival advice buried in it, so let’s talk about them.

 


First, NEVER travel after dark, unless you are absolutely certain of your path.  If you are uncertain or bewildered, and you travel through the wilderness after dark, at best you will only get more confused, but at worst, if you give in to panic, you will become truly “lost”. 

 

Also, you could stumble and injure yourself, take a branch in your eye, injure yourself falling into a ravine, or tumble into a creek or swamp, soaking yourself and increasing your chances of hypothermia.  For more on “lost” versus “misplaced” read “You Are Only As Lost As You Think You Are ©”, HERE.

 


Second, as soon as you become confused, S.T.O.P., and admit that you are “misplaced”. 

 


Stop, sit down, take a deep tactical breath or four, and calm yourself.  Author and U.S. Army Ranger Lieutenant Colonel David Grossman, in his book On Combat, teaches a breathing technique called “tactical breathing”, which will help you combat stress, lower your heart rate, and allow you to think clearly3. 

 


Think.  Ask yourself “What would an intelligent person do in my place”?  Vic Walsh, an Outward Bound instructor says,  “Survival is simply a state of mind”.  And Orbell Apperson Jr., a Mt. Shasta avalanche expert and ski patrolman, noted “When you find yourself lost or snowed in, you have to think of two things.  First, you have to realize that every decision you make could spell the difference between life and death.  Then, you have to tell yourself to stay calm”. 

 

 

Observe and organize.  Take an inventory of the items in your pockets or pack, and what’s in your immediate area that could help you to survive for the next 72 hours, or until rescuers find you.  To read what Les Stroud, the Survivorman thinks about the O in S.T.O.P., read “The O in S. T. O. P. ©”, HERE.

 


Prioritize, plan, and then put into effect your plan.  Avalanche expert, Orbell Apperson Jr. stated, “...one bad decision followed through may be better than six great decisions that are, one by one, acted upon and then abandoned.  Changing strategies is both physically and mentally draining”.

 


The third thing we can learn from Mr. William H. Bell, who found shelter for the night sitting next to a tree, is to stay warm, stay dry, and stay out of the wind.  Bivouacking on the lee side (the sheltered side, the side away from the wind) of a ridge or hill, and then on the sheltered side of a tree, rock, a blow-down, and huddling together for warmth with your buddy, if you have one, will significantly increase your comfort and warmth and your chances of survival.

 


So, hopefully these three survival lessons from Mr. William H. Bell’s unexpected overnighter in the 1820’s, can help us still to survive a wilderness emergency today.

 


I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

1 Personally, I hate the word “lost” and prefer to use the word “misplaced”, because misplaced things, by definition, are eventually found.  But lost things are lost forever.  Being lost is scary!

 

2 Margaret E. White, Editor, A Sketch of Chester Harding, Artist: Drawn By His Own Hand, p. 48

 

3 Tactical breathing is sometimes also called combat or box-breathing and it works like this:

·       Breath in a deep breath through your nose taking 4 seconds to slowly fill your lungs, and-one, and-two, and-three, and-four.

·       Hold your breath for 4 seconds, “and-one, and-two, and-three, and-four”.

·       Exhale slowly through your mouth for 4 seconds, “and-one, and-two, and-three, and-four”.

·       Hold your breath for 4 seconds, “and-one, and-two, and-three, and-four”.

 

Repeat this four times or until your heart rate slows and you can think clearly.

 

Sources

 

Cleese, Rose Marie; “Winter Survival: It’s All In your Head”, Skiing, January 1975, https://books.google.com/books?id=hFGikpZMQdAC&pg=PT60&lpg=PT60&dq=%22Winter+Survival:+It%E2%80%99s+All+In+your+Head%22&source=bl&ots=of1ReiSM07&sig=ACfU3U2xIUcCYJepMVYvHe2MX2dnPW7yKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_-PvKk9uDAxXqFFkFHe77C28Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Winter%20Survival%3A%20It%E2%80%99s%20All%20In%20your%20Head%22&f=false, accessed January 13, 2024

 

Perrin, W. H., Battle, J. H., and Goodspeed, W. A.; History of Medina County and Ohio, [Baskin & Battey, Chicago, 1881], page 468-469, https://books.google.com/books?id=jOsLHjmVqooC&pg=PA468&dq=%22people+were+often+lost+in+the+woods%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjn6pT83NaDAxWWAHkGHdPpCgsQ6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=%22people%20were%20often%20lost%20in%20the%20woods%22&f=false, accessed January 11, 2024

 

“Outward Bound's 50th Anniversary in the US”, http://outwardbounds50thanniversary.weebly.com/pioneering-staff.html, accessed January 13, 2024

 

United States Department of Agriculture, Outdoors USA: 1967 Yearbook of Agriculture, [United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1967], p 87-89, https://archive.org/details/yoa1967/page/n3, accessed January 13, 2024

 

Wikimedia, “A Landscape near Boldrewood”, by Alfred Parsons, 1871, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Parsons_-_A_Forest_Landscape_near_Boldrewood_-_B1979.12.786_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg, accessed January 13, 2024

 

White, Margaret E. Editor; A Sketch of Chester Harding, Artist: Drawn By His Own Hand, (Houghton, Mifflin and Company, New York [1890]) p 47-48 reprinted in https://books.google.com/books?id=zgROAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=%22he+had+a+very+large+progeny%22+%22chester+harding%22&source=bl&ots=I9y_v-yRI2&sig=qxwqKUR9y42naWBjhoArGJi2P5U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4goGi7czdAhXEnOAKHWvECaoQ6AEwAHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22he%20had%20a%20very%20large%20progeny%22%20%22chester%20harding%22&f=false, (accessed 9/21/2018)

 

Wikimedia, “Unfinished Portrait of Daniel Boone”, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Unfinished_portrait_of_Daniel_Boone_by_Chester_Harding_1820.jpg, (accessed 9/21/2018)