Sunday, May 26, 2024

The Case of the Drunk Baker, or, the Man Who Lived When 1,500 Others Died, Part One ©

 

 


For more on the sinking of the Titanic, read “How Long Would You Last? Part One©”, HERE.

 

On April 15th, 1912, at 2:20 am, the RMS Titanic sank, just two hours and forty minutes after side swiping an iceberg.  The weather was calm, the air temperature that night was between 35 to 40° F (2 to 4° C), while the sea temperature was just above 28° F (-2° C).  The RMS Carpathia rescued the first survivor at 4:10 am1, about an hour and fifty minutes after the Titanic’s final plunge.  And of the approximately 2,200 people aboard the ship that night, about 1,500 died, even though they all had life preservers!

 

Most people who are plunged into cold water, water below the temperature of 59° F, or 15° C, will die of “cold shock” and if they survive that, of “incapacitation”, an early symptom of hypothermia, in which victim’s mental and physical abilities to rescue themselves lessens, within the first few minutes after immersion.  Those who survive the first three minutes will die within the next hour from the effects of severe hypothermia, as their core body temperature plunges.  This is what happened to the 1,500 people who were plunged into the 28° F (-2° C) sea water when the RMS Titanic sank. 

 

All except for Charles John Joughin, the Chief Baker of the Titanic, who survived floating in his lifebelt for more than three hours, while everyone around him died of the cold. 

 

So, why did he survive?!  Did he refuse to panic, keeping calm even as he plunged into 28° F (-2° C) sea water?  Was it because he was “the last man off the Titanic”?  Was it because he was drunk?  Was it something else entirely?  It’s a mystery and as Sherlock Holmes would say, “the game's afoot”!

 

“Just the facts, ma'am”...

So, what are the facts as to why Charles Joughin survived when so many others died.

 

Charles Joughin’s timeline for the night of April 14 to 15th was as follows:

ü The RMS Titanic struck the iceberg at 11:40 pm on the night of April 14th.

ü At 12:15 am, the order to provision the lifeboats was received, and Charles Joughin instructed the bakers under his command to take all the extra bread, about 50 pounds (23 kg) up to the “Boat Deck”.

ü Between 12:15 and 12:30 am. after instructing the bakers to take the bread up, he went down to his room for a drink.

 


ü At 12:30 he went up to the “Boat Deck”, to take charge of Lifeboat No. 10.

ü Between 1:20 and 1:45 am Lifeboat No. 10 was lowered away with passengers in it2, after which Mr. Joughin, noted that “I went down to my room and had a drop of liqueur that I had down there...then I came upstairs again”.3  Charles Joughin’s stateroom was on the “E” deck.

ü After he had a drop of liqueur, he went to “B” deck, where he started throwing approximately 50 wooden deck chairs overboard, to be used as flotation devices.  After throwing the chairs overboard he went to the “A” deck pantry for a drink of water.

ü At 2:17 am the final distress signal from the RMS Titanic is sent.

ü At 2:18 am, the lights on the Titanic went out.

ü At about 2:18 am, while in the deck pantry, he heard “...a kind of crash as if something had buckled, as if part of the ship had buckled, and then I heard a rush overhead ... a rush of people overhead [rushing across the “Boat” deck, from the forward area of the Titanic towards the aft section, to get on to the “A” deck]”.  As Mr. Joughin followed behind, he noted that “I kept out of the crush as much as I possibly could, and I followed down – followed down getting towards the well of the deck, and just as I got down towards the well she gave a great list over to port and threw everybody in a bunch except myself...I was not exactly in the well, I was on the side...I clambered on the side when she chucked them...”.4

ü At 2:20 am after climbing over the railing onto the outside of Titanic, Charles Joughin recalled “I was just wondering what next to do when she went...I do not believe my head went under the water at all.  It may have been wetted, but no more”.5

 


ü First light, or civil twilight, would have been at 5:11 am and the Sun would have risen at 5:40 am.  Charles Joughin when answering the Solicitor-General questions, said “I was just paddling and treading water... Just as it was breaking daylight I saw what I thought was some wreckage, and I started to swim towards it slowly.  When I got near enough, I found it was a collapsible not properly upturned but on its side...I did not attempt to get anything to hold on to until I reached [Collapsible B], but that was daylight...There was no room for anymore...I tried to get on it, but I was pushed off...a cook that was on the collapsible recognized me, and held out his hand and held me – a chap named Maynard...I held on the side of the boat...we were hanging on to the collapsible, and eventually a lifeboat came into sight...I should say we were on the collapsible about half-an-hour...They got to within 50 yards and they sung out that they could only take 10.  So, I said to this Maynard, ‘Let go my hand’ and I swam to meet it so that I would be one of the 10”.6

 


 
You were nearly two or three hours in the water...7

 

In fact, Charles Joughin was in the frigid waters of  the North Atlantic from 2:20 am to about 5:40 am, or for about three hours and twenty minutes.

 


 


 
How much assistance did you get from your lifebelt?  Did it support you without your treading water yourself?  Did it in fact support you throughout  without your treading water?  But you would not have sunk if you had not done anything?

 

Charles Joughin, answering these questions about the cork lifebelts, which he wore, and which were available to everyone on the Titanic, that “...it is only a case of keeping your head with one of these lifebelts.  Just paddling and you keep afloat indefinitely, I should say 8.

 



 
When you found your boat had gone you said you went  down below.  What did you do when you went down below?  What kind of glass was it?  Yes, my Lord, this is very important, because I am going to prove, or rather my suggestion is, that he then saved his life.  I think his getting a drink had a lot to do with saving his life...”.9

 

Mr. Joughin answered Mr. Cotter’s questions about his “drop of liqueur” by saying, “I went to my room for a drink ... [of] ... spirits ... It was a tumbler half full”.10

 

These are just the facts of the case, come back next week when we present the solution to the case of the drunk baker, Part Two!

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

1 “Carpathia's Role in Titanic's Rescue”, by The Maritime Executive, LLC

 

2 “ Lifeboats, Launch Times, List and Trim: Part 1”, from Encyclopedia Titanica;

 

3 “From the British Wreck Commissioner’s Inquiry, Day 6: Testimony of Charles Joughin”, questions asked by The Commissioner and The Solicitor-General, item 6020.

 

4 Ibid., item 6026 to 6053

 

5 Ibid., item 6072 to 6076

 

6 Ibid., item 6085 to 6106

 

7 “From the British Wreck Commissioner’s Inquiry, Day 6: Testimony of Charles Joughin”, questions asked by Mr. Roche, item 6141

 

8 Ibid., item 6141

 

9 “From the British Wreck Commissioner’s Inquiry, Day 6: Testimony of Charles Joughin”, questions asked by Mr. Cotter, items 6247 to 6250

 

10 Ibid.

 

11 “How long does it take for alcohol to leave your system”, University of Arizona;

 

Sources

 

The Maritime Executive, LLC; “Carpathia's Role in Titanic's Rescue”, [© 2024 The Maritime Executive, LLC], https://maritime-executive.com/article/carpathias-role-in-titanic-rescue#:~:text=Carpathia%20was%2058%20miles%20from,used%20to%20drive%20the%20engines, accessed May 24, 2024

 

Encyclopedia Titanica; “ Lifeboats, Launch Times, List and Trim: Part 1” ( #716), published March 19, 2023, [© 1996-2024 Encyclopedia Titanica], https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/lifeboats-launch-times-list-and-trim-1.html, accessed May 24, 2024

 

Titanic Inquiry Project; “British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry

Day 6: Testimony of Charles Joughin”, [© 1998-2017: Titanic Inquiry Project], https://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq06Joughin01.php, accessed April 25, 2024

 

University of Arizona; “How long does it take for alcohol to leave your system”, https://health.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/How%20long%20does%20it%20take%20for%20alcohol%20to%20leave%20your%20system.pdf, accessed May 25 2024

 

U.S. Navy, Astronomical Applications Department; “Table of Sunrise/Sunset, Moonrise/Moonset, or Twilight Times for an Entire Year”, https://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/RS_OneYear, accessed May 23, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “Plan of the Boat Deck of the RMS Titanic showing location of lifeboats”, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Titanic_Boat_Deck_plan_with_lifeboats.png, accessed May 25, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “RMS Titanic”, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Titanic_plans.jpg, accessed May 25, 2024

 

 

Sunday, May 19, 2024

How Long Would You Last? Part Four©

 

 


To read “Part Three”, click HERE.

 

Without a PFD and after “about one hour clinging to the bow of the boat...The female victim [who] had a much smaller build than did her partners...lost consciousness and her grip on the hull”.1

 

“Unconsciousness and death” - - You have 1 hour...

 

Okay, you decided that you are too far from shore or a substantial piece of wreckage (a stable floating object) that you could climbonto, you are drifting faster than you can swim, rapid rescue is likely, or you aren’t wearing a life jacket, then staying put and waiting for rescue might be your best option.

 

Staying put...

If you stay put, how long can you last before you lose consciousness and how can you conserve your body heat, so you survive until rescue?

 


The amount of time that you can survive depends mostly on the temperature of the water, the colder the water the less time you have.  But it also depends on what you are wearing, whether you have a small, average, or large build and what you do to conserve heat.

 

If you have time before you go into the water, put on as many layers of clothing as possible, and don’t forget your feet.  Also cover your head, neck, and hands.  Your outer layer should be as watertight as possible.  Fasten clothing, tighten wrist and waist drawstrings to keep cold water from flooding in and out beneath your clothing.  If an immersion suit is available, put it on over your clothing.2

 


Try to limit your movement, thrashing, swimming, letting your head get wet, all increase cooling and decrease survival time.  Your body will tend to turn towards the oncoming waves, with your legs acting as a sea anchor.  Keep your back to the waves, even if you must paddle gently.  This may increase heat loss, but you need to protect your airway from wave splash.  Conserve heat by using the H.E.L.P position or by huddling, but remember huddling only works in calm water, without waves.

 

Your body position in the water is very important in conserving your body heat.  If you are wearing a lifejacket or dry suit, float as still as possible, with your legs together, elbows close to your side, and arms folded across your chest.  The H.E.L.P or huddle positions lessen the exposure of the body surface to the cold water and increase your survival time.

 


No matter what you do you are going to lose precious body heat to the cold water, and you will begin to get hypothermic and in the endyou will die.  It’s just a matter of time. 

 


As you cool down, you will face the symptoms of hypothermia, including shivering, loss of muscle strength and dexterity, mental disorientation and finally unconsciousness.  And even before unconsciousness sets in, you might drown.  Typically, an immersion victim, who is wearing a PFD, but becomes unable to keep their back turned to the waves, inhales water from the next wave, and then drowns despite being conscious and wearing a life vest.

 

You have one hour of consciousness after going in.3

 


Okay, on average you have less than an hour to live, once you end up in water 52° F (15° C) or colder, but there are always exceptional cases.  Come back next week and read about Charles Joughin “The Case of the Drunk Baker”, to read more.

 


I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

1 From “Person in the Water!!”, by Mark Dobney

 

2 From a Guide for Cold Water Survival, by International Maritime Organization

 

3. “How to survive a fall through the ice”, by Rena Sarigianopoulos.

 

 

Sources

 

Auerbach, Paul S.; “Wilderness Medicine E-Book”, page 1502, https://books.google.com/books?id=tdTInPqMCjMC&pg=PA1502&dq=able+to+swim+approximately+800+m+in+10+%C2%B0C&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKm-KUg_OFAxXbLFkFHbNBBvwQ6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=able%20to%20swim%20approximately%20800%20m%20in%2010%20%C2%B0C&f=false, accessed May 3, 2024

 

Dobney, Mark; “Person in the Water!!”, On Scene, Fall 2006, page 11-12,

https://books.google.com/books?id=-Oo6AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA26&dq=%22swim+failure%22+cold+water&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLyZvy_pSGAxUAMlkFHdwxDHoQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=%22swim%20failure%22%20cold%20water&f=false, accessed May 17, 2024

 

Ducharme, Michael B., Ph. D. and Lounsbury, David S. M., Sc.D., “Swimming: An Option for Self-Rescue in Cold Water”, On Scene, Fall 2006, page 19-21,

https://books.google.com/books?id=-Oo6AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA26&dq=%22swim+failure%22+cold+water&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLyZvy_pSGAxUAMlkFHdwxDHoQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=%22swim%20failure%22%20cold%20water&f=false, accessed May 17, 2024

 

Ferrell, Jesse; “Weather maps from the night the Titanic sank”, AccuWeather, April 12, 2022, https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/weathermatrix/weather-maps-from-the-night-the-titanic-sank/1173542#:~:text=Although%20the%20weather%20itself%20didn,certainly%20contributed%20to%20the%20tragedy, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Hamilton, Terry; “Hypothermia is a Major Cause of Winter Drowning Deaths”, Spartanburg Herald-Journal, Dec 8, 1979, page B-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm0sAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=survival+shelter+lost&article_id=6980,2137795&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD49-L7vGFAxWrD1kFHRj8D9E4UBDoAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=survival%20shelter%20lost&f=false, accessed May 3, 2024

 

International Maritime Organization; Guide for Cold Water Survival, [London, 2012], https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/CG-5R/nsarc/MSC1Circ1185a%20-%20Guide%20to%20Cold%20Water%20Survival%20(113012).pdf, accessed May 18, 2024

 

Joiner, William C. SSGT; “Cold Water Immersion”, Aerospace Safety, United States Air Force, Volumes 34, Number 1, January 1978, page 6 to 7, https://books.google.com/books?id=BDf0AAAAMAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA12-PA7&dq=water+chill+without+anti+exposure+suit&hl=en#v=onepage&q=water%20chill%20without%20anti%20exposure%20suit&f=false, accessed April 24, 2024

 

Kalkomey Enterprises, LLC; “Stages 1 and 2 of Cold Water Immersion”, [© 1998–2024], https://www.boat-ed.com/canada/studyGuide/Stages-1-and-2-of-Cold-Water-Immersion/10119902_114125/, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Mathews, Blake; “How weather helped sink the Titanic”, April 10, 2018, https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/how-weather-helped-sink-the-titanic/285-537036316#:~:text=The%20lookouts%20along%20with%20the,lethal%20temperature%20for%20any%20person, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Moore, Maggie; “From the archives: Heroes pull people from icy Potomac after 1982 jet crash”, January 12, 2024, Channel 4 Washington, [© 2024 NBCUniversal Media, LLC.], https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/from-the-archives-heroes-pull-people-from-icy-potomac-after-1982-jet-crash/3513565/, accessed May 11, 2024

 

Navigation Center; “How Large Was The Iceberg That Sank The Titanic”, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, United States Coast Guard, https://web.archive.org/web/20140105034754/http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=iipHowLargeWasTheIcebergThatSankTheTITANIC, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Parchman, Greg, Capt.; “So, Let Me Get This Straight-High Body Fat is a Good Thing?”, Approach, Volume 41, Issue 2, March -April, 1996, page 18 to 20, https://books.google.com/books?id=LQNQRzJjOoQC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA20&dq=water+chill+without+anti+exposure+suit&hl=en#v=onepage&q=water%20chill%20without%20anti%20exposure%20suit&f=false, accessed April 24, 2024

 

Titanic Inquiry Project; “United States Senate Inquiry: Day 4 - Testimony of Herbert J. Pitman”, [Copyright © 1998-2017: Titanic Inquiry Project], https://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq04Pitman03.php, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Titanic’s Officers; “Second Officer C.H. Lightoller – Sinking and Collapsible B”, © 2024 TitanicOfficers.com, https://www.titanicofficers.com/titanic_04_lightoller_08.html, accessed April 27, 2024

 

United State Coast Guard; “Cold Water Survival & Hypothermia–You May Not Know As Much As You Think”, https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/5p/CG-5PC/CG-CVC/CVC3/notice/flyers/Cold_Water_Survival_Hypothermia.pdf, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Warren, Elizabeth G., SSGT; “Hypothermia: Missing in the Atlantic”, Flying Safety, November 1983, pages 12 to 15, https://www.safety.af.mil/Portals/71/documents/Magazines/FSM/1980s/198311%20-%20FlyingSafetyMagazine.pdf, accessed May 4, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “Jack Thayers description of the sinking of RMS Titanic”, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thayer-Sketch-of-Titanic.png, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Wikimedia; “The iceberg suspected of having sunk the RMS Titanic”, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Titanic_iceberg.jpg, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Sunday, May 12, 2024

How Long Would You Last? Part Three©

 

 


As you struggle to get your breathing under control in the first minute after, the thoughts race through your mind, “I’m in thewater!”, “cold! cold! cold!”, “what do I do?”.

 

Okay, you’ve survived “cold shock”, and the first thirty seconds to three minutes of cold water immersion1, (for more on “cold shock” read “How Long Would You Last? Part Two©”, HERE), so how do you survive the next ten minutes?

 


“Incapacitation” - - You have 10 minutes to rescue yourself...

 

At any water temperature below 86° F (30° C) your body will lose more heat it produces.2  As the minutes tick away, so does your body heat, the colder the water the faster the heat loss, and you will begin to experience “cold incapacitation”.  You have ten minutes before you will experience a loss of manual dexterity and strength, as the cold water renders your limbs, and especially your hands, numb and useless.  By the time ten minutes has passed you will not be able to take any meaningful actions rescue yourself.

 

To understand how quickly useless your hands can become numb and useless, try this experiment – plunge one of your hands into a pitcher of ice water for two full minutes and then try to undo a button on your shirt.

 

After first falling into cold water, your number one priority is to protect your airways from water inhalation, until your breathing stabilizes and your gasping stops.  This means STAY CALM and keep your head and face above water and shielded from waves (by putting your back to the waves), until the heavy gasping, rapid breathing, increased blood pressure and heart rate have a chance to lessen.  Once the gasping and other symptoms of “cold shock” have subsided and breathing is near normal, you need to make a plan to survive.  

 


According to researcher Michel DuCharme, your number two priority “...is not to preserve body heat, but to move out of the water as quickly as possible3.  This means that you must quickly analyze your situation and decide if you can rescue yourself by swimming to shore, or to a stable floating object and get out of the water, or whether you will have to stay put and wait for rescuers to arrive.  

 


If you are near shore or to a stable floating object, are not drifting away faster than you can swim, rapid rescue is unlikely and you are wearing a life jacket, then swimming might be an option.  On the other hand, if you are far from shore or a stable floating object, you are drifting faster than you can swim, rapid rescue is likely, or you aren’t wearing a life jacket, then staying put might be your best option.

 

Remember, incapacitation and the loss of dexterity and muscle strength in your limbs will limit your ability to self-rescue, so you make a plan and take action fast!

 

You have 10 minutes of meaningful movement where you will realistically be able to get yourself out of the water.4

 


Getting out of the water, by swimming...

 

Okay, you have decided to swim to the shore or to something that you can get out of the water onto.  But remember, any movement, struggling or physical activity such as swimming, treading water increases heat loss.  If you are treading water or swimming, Coast Guard studies have shown that this will increase the cooling of your body by 35% as warm blood is pumped to arms and legs5.  In water under 40°F (4° C), some swimmers have died before swimming 100 feet (12 m) and even strong swimmers without life jackets have died before swimming 100 yards (91 m)6. 

 

However, researcher M. Tipton, among others, has found that swimmers wearing a flotation device were able to swim over 900 yards (889 m) in 57° F (14° C) water and over 700 yards (650 m) in 50° F (10° C) water.  And in fact, according to the Canadian Red Cross more survivors of boat sinkings, swam for shore than stayed with the boat7.

 

Some survivors of sinkings are reluctant to leave the water because they are concerned about wind chill.  Wind chill is a problem, however exposed flesh will not freeze at temperatures above 32° F (0° C) no matter how high the wind velocity, so get out of the water8.

 

So, unless the shore, or a floating object that you can climb onto get out the water is very near, don’t swim.  And if you do try to swim for it keep your head out of the water, immersing your head increases cooling rates by up to 82%.9

 


Okay, you’ve decided to stay put and wait for rescue, how long can you survive?  Don’t forget to come back next week and read “How Long Would You Last? Part Four©”, to find out.

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

1 “Researchers have found that the involuntary gasping reflex and loss of breathing control peaks within 30 seconds of being exposed to cold water and can last up to three minutes”, from “Use the 100 Degree Rule”, by gobair.org

 

2 Drownings and other water-related injuries in Canada, by Red Cross Canada

 

3 Ibid.

 

4. “How to survive a fall through the ice”, by Rena Sarigianopoulos.

 

5 “So, Let Me Get This Straight-High Body Fat is a Good Thing?”, by Capt. Greg Parchman

 

6 “Cold Water”, by Gobair.org

 

7 Drownings and other water-related injuries in Canada, by Red Cross Canada

 

8 “Cold Water Immersion”, by SSGT William C. Joiner

 

9 “So, Let Me Get This Straight-High Body Fat is a Good Thing?”, by Capt. Greg Parchman

 

 

Sources

 

Auerbach, Paul S.; “Wilderness Medicine E-Book”, page 1502, https://books.google.com/books?id=tdTInPqMCjMC&pg=PA1502&dq=able+to+swim+approximately+800+m+in+10+%C2%B0C&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKm-KUg_OFAxXbLFkFHbNBBvwQ6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=able%20to%20swim%20approximately%20800%20m%20in%2010%20%C2%B0C&f=false, accessed May 3, 2024

 

Ferrell, Jesse; “Weather maps from the night the Titanic sank”, AccuWeather, April 12, 2022, https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/weathermatrix/weather-maps-from-the-night-the-titanic-sank/1173542#:~:text=Although%20the%20weather%20itself%20didn,certainly%20contributed%20to%20the%20tragedy, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Hamilton, Terry; “Hypothermia is a Major Cause of Winter Drowning Deaths”, Spartanburg Herald-Journal, Dec 8, 1979, page B-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm0sAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=survival+shelter+lost&article_id=6980,2137795&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD49-L7vGFAxWrD1kFHRj8D9E4UBDoAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=survival%20shelter%20lost&f=false, accessed May 3, 2024

 

Gobair.org; “Cold Water”, https://www.gobair.org/Resources/Documents/Cold_Water.pdf, accessed May 11, 2024

 

Joiner, William C. SSGT; “Cold Water Immersion”, Aerospace Safety, United States Air Force, Volumes 34, Number 1, January 1978, page 6 to 7, https://books.google.com/books?id=BDf0AAAAMAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA12-PA7&dq=water+chill+without+anti+exposure+suit&hl=en#v=onepage&q=water%20chill%20without%20anti%20exposure%20suit&f=false, accessed April 24, 2024

 

Kalkomey Enterprises, LLC; “Stages 1 and 2 of Cold Water Immersion”, [© 1998–2024], https://www.boat-ed.com/canada/studyGuide/Stages-1-and-2-of-Cold-Water-Immersion/10119902_114125/, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Mathews, Blake; “How weather helped sink the Titanic”, April 10, 2018, https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/how-weather-helped-sink-the-titanic/285-537036316#:~:text=The%20lookouts%20along%20with%20the,lethal%20temperature%20for%20any%20person, accessed April 27, 2024

 

Moore, Maggie; “From the archives: Heroes pull people from icy Potomac after 1982 jet crash”, January 12, 2024, Channel 4 Washington, [© 2024 NBCUniversal Media, LLC.], https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/from-the-archives-heroes-pull-people-from-icy-potomac-after-1982-jet-crash/3513565/, accessed May 11, 2024

 

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