Building a WWII Emergency Sustenance Vest, Type C-1, Part Three©

 

 

 

Author’s Note – For more on the DuPage Path-Pilot compass, read “Path-Pilot Compass ©”, HERE, and for more on Building a WWII Emergency Sustenance Vest, Type C-1, read Part One, HERE, and Part Two, HERE.

The WWII Emergency Sustenance Vest, Type C-1, kept a compass match box, with a flint strip, and up to 20 full-sized or 40 half-sized strike-anywhere matches, in pocket number thirteen.

 

There were several varieties of compass match box, with a flint
strips, that were produced for service with the U. S. military during World War II.  One, which was manufactured by Taylor Company, had a flat compass- card without a lubber line¹, and was read by looking down at the compass card and reading the azimuth at the nearest point in line with your objective.  The other two were manufactured by the Livingston Plastics Co. and the DuPage Plastics Company, both these were direct reading compasses with a viewing window where you would read your azimuth from under the lubber line.  The DuPage company continued to manufacture these compasses after World War II ended, calling them the DuPage Path-Pilot, and selling them in the outdoor market.

 

The DuPage Path-Pilot direct reading compass² was a

combination compass, match-safe, and fire starter, manufactured by the DuPage Plastics Company, 10 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, and it was officially approved by the Boy Scouts of America.  The screw off lid contained a compass with a window lubber line on the side to read the azimuth of the direction you are looking, and lubber line across the compass top.  To prevent confusion, the viewing window was helpfully labeled “YOU ARE LOOKING” to make it clear that if you saw a “N” under the lubber line, then you were looking north³.  Matches were stored inside the watertight inside compartment, but just in case you ran out, the side had a “flint of pyrophoric metal” from which sparks could be struck by the back of a pocketknife³.  The north pointing arrow seen through the top window was to be used to orient a map.

 

When I first read about the DuPage Path-Pilot direct reading compass match box, I thought “Wow, how cool!  A direct-reading
compass, and it is also a waterproof matchbox, with a flint strip on the side to scrape sparks with!  I have to get one of those!”

 

But unfortunately, they don’t make them like they used to, in fact they don’t make them at all! 

 

Today, there are plenty of compass match boxes to choose from, like the “5-in-1 Survival Whistle”, but they are like the WWII Taylor compass with a flat compass-card and no lubber line and isn’t direct reading.

 

... a “5-in-1 Survival Whistle”, but with a lubber line

 

Ok, so finding a direct reading compass match box is out of the question, but what about painting a lubber line onto a flat card- compass match box, to make it more like the DuPage Path-Pilot, and easier to read your azimuth to distant landmarks?  It’s simple, so let’s get crafty!

 

    Craft.y, adjective

1.  Skillful, clever at achieving one’s aim by

indirect methods.

2.  Involving the making of decorative objects and other things by hand.

What do you need...

 

What you will need, photograph by the Author.

First you will need “5-in-1 Survival Whistle”.  I used “The Ultimate Survival Tool”, manufactured by FreedomGorilla, HERE, this product is made in the USA and both the service and the product was great!  For phosphorescent paint I used, “Glow-On Super Phosphorescent Professional Paint”, HERE.  You will also need a can of spray-on clear, gloss automotive paint and a roll of masking tape.

 

Step one...

 

Taping off the area to be painted and covering the tape with clear enamel to prevent leaks, photograph by the Author.

First, tape off the area to be painted with masking tape, leaving a slit for the lubber line about ¹/₃₂ to ¹/₁₆ of an inch (1 to 2 mm) wide, extending down the near side and ¾ inch (19 mm) long across the top.  Tape off a gap in the lubber line ¹/₄ of an inch (6 mm) long and then continue the lubber line from the gap ¹/₈ of an inch (3 mm) long, stopping at the far edge.

 

The area to be taped, photograph by the Author.

Next, spray the tape covering the top of the compass with two coats of clear, gloss automotive paint, following the instructions on the can, and wait for the paint to dry thoroughly between coats, to prevent the paint from leaking under the tape.

 

] Just sprayed the second coat of clear enamel, waiting for it to dry, photograph by the Author.

Step two...

 

Getting ready to paint on the lubber line, photograph by the Author.

Following the directions for the Glow-On Super Phosphorescent
paint, dot the paint onto the compass top with a wooden applicator, and then drag them together to create a solid line.  I left the paint to dry thoroughly for 24 hours before adding a second coat.

 

Dot the paint onto the area to be painted, photograph by the Author.

Step three...

After three to four days, when the second coat of Glow-On paint has completely dried, carefully peel off the masking tape and your lubber line is finished.

 

The finished product, photograph by the Author.

The phosphorescent tape absorbs light and releases it as a glow; you can charge it up by exposing it to sunlight or a LED flashlight, so it becomes visible at night.

 

Don’t forget to come back next week and read “From A Little Spark May Burst A Flame...©”, where we will talk ferro rods and striking sparks.

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

¹ A line marked on the compass in a ship or aircraft, showing the direction straight ahead or towards which you are looking.

 

² Livingston Plastics Company made a direct read compass match safe during WWII and it was very similar to the DuPage Path-Pilot, except that the viewing window of the Livingston Plastics Company model has 90 degree corners, and the DuPage model has rounded corners.  Additionally, the Livingston Company model has a knurled cap, and the DuPage model does not.

 

From “WW2 match case found in Grandpa's diddy bag”, in US Militaria Forum - Collectors Preserving History.

 

³       “To read a flat card compass, you look down at the compass card and read the heading at the lubber line (pointer) farthest away from you.

        A “Direct reading compass”: A direct read compass is read at/around eye level.  You look at the front of the compass and read the heading at the lubber line (pointer) closest to you.

        With our “Combi dialed” compasses, you get both the flat card heading (using rear lubber line) and the direct read heading within one compass”.

 

From “Why is my Ritchie compass exactly 180 degrees off course?”, HERE.

 

⁴

You can knock sparks off the flint strip either with a sharp edge of
the spine (back) of the blade, or by scraping with the sharp edge of the knife blade.  You can also use the back edge (spine) of your pocketknife’s screwdriver blade.  Personally, I don’t recommend using the sharp edge of your blade though, since the action of scraping the blade against the flint knocks flakes of steel off the striker, as tiny, glowing white-hot sparks, and you will quickly ruin the edge of your blade.  However, if it comes down to freezing to death...scrape away with whatever works! 

 

Sources

 

 

US Militaria Forum - Collectors Preserving History; “WW2 match case found in Grandpa's diddy bag”, https://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/topic/184660-ww2-match-case-found-in-grandpas-diddy-bag-compass-on-bakelite-container/, accessed May 9, 2023

Being Wet Kills, Fast!©

 

 

“You’re in hot water!”, the Oxford Language dictionary defines this phrase as you’re “in a situation of difficulty, trouble”, everyone knows that, right?¹  But in the wilderness, how often are you threatened with hot water?  Probably not that often.  In the wilderness the phrase ought to be changed to, “you’re in cold water, and being wet kills, fast!”  And don’t forget the “120^o Rule”, for more on this read “The 120 Degree Rule ©”, HERE.

 

Being wet or in cold water can kill you, as it quickly causes hypothermia, a condition where your body can not produce or conserve enough heat to survive.  But what can you do to prevent this condition from progressing to the point where you die?

 

There are two major ways that someone in cold water loses body heat -- conduction and convection.  Conduction is when body heat is lost directly to the environment by direct contact and convection is when body heat is lost by moving water or air.

 

Conduction...

 

Convection...

 

Dress in layers...

 

Just like dressing in layers can protect you from the cold on land, it can protect you if you end up in the water.  The layers will help keep the body-warmed water near your skin and prevent it from drifting away because of convection, as long as you stay still, that is.  Also, keeping your head covered with a hood or a knit cap will help keep you warm and increase your survival time.

 

Don’t swim for it!

 

Because of convection and conduction, in cold water you cannot stay alive long by treading water or swimming for it.  In cold water survival situations, swimming, or treading water, simply hastens your death by hypothermia.  This is because, as you swim or tread water, blood is forced from your core to the large muscles of the upper body and limbs, where it is quickly cooled by conduction, as it flows through the arteries close to your skin, and by convection, as you move and force the water to flow past you.  And even if you are treading water slowly, just enough to keep afloat, you will cool about 35% faster than if you floated motionless.

 

By wearing a flotation device and remaining still, rather than swimming, you can increase your survival time by about 33%.  Also, in a cold water survival situation, don’t use the drownproofing technique of lowering the head into the water and then gently raising it to breathe², because by getting your head wet you will cool 82% faster than if you floated with your head and neck above the water.

 

The hands have it...

 

As you get colder, and the temperature of your hands drops closer to the water temperature, the dexterity of your hands will drop off quickly.  The colder the water, the faster this happens.  In cases of total body immersion in water that is 32^o F (0^o C), you can lose hand dexterity in less than a minute!  Your hand dexterity is first affected when your hands skin temperature drops to 55 to 65^o F (13 to 18^o C).  At a hand skin temperature of 50^o F (10^o C), you will experience numbness and diminished feeling, your ability to tie and untie knots will fall by 25% and your grip strength decreases by as much as 50%.

 

If you are in the water and you can get out by quickly by getting to land, or by boarding a raft or a boat, if one is available, do it as soon as possible, before your hand dexterity declines.  For the same reason, once you are in the raft, or out of the water, you need to carry out all necessary survival activities before your hands get too cold.

 

Windchill...

 

Building a shelter, or erecting a canopy, or spray shield on a raft to protect you from the wind is crucial.  Because if your clothes are wet, and it is windy, you will lose body heat 240 times faster than if your clothes are dry. 

 

And don’t forget to put some type of insulating material underneath you when you sit, to lessen convective heat loss to the ground, or the water below the raft, depending on whether you have made it to shore or are out on the water still.

 

Also, remember to keep your head covered at all times, because you can lose a considerable amount of your heat to radiation and convection from your head.  Huddle close together with other survivors to conserve body heat if there are any.

 

Remember being wet kills, fast!

 

Don’t forget to come back next week and read “Building a WWII Emergency Sustenance Vest, Type C-1, Part Three©”, where we will talk about how to build a survival match box like the DuPage Path-Pilot Compass camp.

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

¹ Oxford Languages, HERE

 

² The drownproofing technique is a warm water survival tip, to use to conserve energy when you are not wearing a personal flotation device.

 

Sources

 

 

Coast Guard, Department of Transportation, A Pocket Guide to Cold Water Survival, CG 473, September 1975, https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QafxNJBmiIml6O4jiudRpr2rz8pLfodQOiq-4gZNh4xa5uIN_rq05C2yAes1AYw67Ziq189QaQaFDHBHE0SJivfCxjMW1DReANLjFqw1qX6jEl2mz1HPKXj4BRQJv8zAOcO6oDE70Dcv__VE2uPh4tEqLSzMxDRiWOv3p6ssyQjE2bevJMX7-Ol2KDtIPQVcVuaJudJMLaOOuSUVs8qYS1Nlaxnm47GVOCXLR79KzL6nV3R0zZG4DxRt9hoYrIRGugXm6RVfbU2gxeix7JLKbxpvQsNB9w, accessed May 1, 2022

 

Oxford Languages, https://www.google.com/search?q=your+in+hot+water&oq=your+in+hot+water&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22i30l7j0i390i650l2.4735j1j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8, accessed May 5, 2023

 

Warren, Elizabeth G., SSGT.; “Hypothermia Missing in the Atlantic”, Flying Safety, November 1983, pages 12-15, https://books.google.com/books?id=gDd8qzWSi4YC&pg=RA1-PA7&dq=airplane+crash+survival&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWz5PUgMb9AhVVEVkFHTulDlI4FBDoAXoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=airplane%20crash%20survival&f=false, accessed May 6, 2023

 

 

The Peculiar Case of Dr. Blank, Part Two ©

 

 

Author’s note – for more on Dr. Blank’s adventure, read “A Ranger’s Story, 1756 ©”, HERE and “The Peculiar Case of Dr. Blank, Part One©”, HERE.

 

An excerpt from the biography of Dr. John Manning Jr., the son of Dr. John Manning.

Earlier, we discovered that “Dr. Blank” was none other than Dr. John Manning, a man who lived a long, full, adventurous, and rather eccentric life!  As the “New Contributor” wrote “The old man was, as usual, in his private sanctum ... It was a long narrow room, ... On one side was a little counter, with a pair of rusty scales hung over it, and behind a number of shelves of dusty vials and gallipots ... Over head hung bunches of parching-corn, and various natural curiosities, while some antediluvian pictures garnished the walls”. 

 

I believe that we have proved that Dr. John Manning was the mysterious “Dr. Blank”, but questions remain, such as, did he serve with Colonel Ephraim Williams’ Third Massachusetts Regiment of Provincials “that in 1755 essayed to take Crown Point from the French” and fight at the Battle of Lake George, and later enlist with “Rogers' company of Rangers”?  This remains to be seen.  What can we use to prove, or disprove Dr. Manning’s tale, and discover if it is true, or simply a good piece of historical fiction, a tall tale, foisted upon “New Contributor”.

 

But did he serve?  Direct evidence...

 

According to the “New Contributor”, we know that the hero of our adventure...

 

“At nineteen years of age, he joined the army of the provinces, that
in 1755 essayed to take Crown Point from the French.”

 

“...marched to the lakes with Colonel Ephraim Williams... The
doctor fought under his command at Lake George, on the memorable eighth of September”

 

“The next year he joined Rogers' company of Rangers, and was
stationed with a party of them at Fort Ann, not far from where Whitehall now stands”. 

 

Assuming we correctly identified “Dr. Blank” as Doctor John Manning, let’s take these claims one by one, and see if there is any direct written evidence to support them.

 

“At nineteen years of age, he joined the army of the provinces...”

 

The “Beating Orders” for the enlistment of Massachusetts Provincials, required recruits to be between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five at the time of enlistment, only those who born before 1737 and after 1720, would have been able to enlist.  Since our hero claimed to be 19 years of age in 1755, the John Manning we are looking for would have had to be born around 1736. 

 

According to James Thatcher M.D.’s,  American Medical Biography,
published in 1828, Dr. John Manning was born in November of 1737.  However, William Henry Manning wrote in the Genealogical and Biographical History of the Manning Families, 1902, that he was baptized on November 12, 1738.  The dates are inconsistent and confusing, but if the oldest reference is used in preference to the latest¹, then Dr. John Manning would have been 17 years and 7 months old in the spring of 1755 if he enlisted for the campaign against Crown Point.  While nineteen is not the same as almost eighteen, it is possible that he lied about his age to enlist, in any case, his age in 1755, was in the right range for him to have been the hero of our story.

 

“...marched to the lakes with Colonel Ephraim Williams... The doctor fought under his command...”

 

Colonel Ephraim Williams raised and commanded the ten companies of the Third Massachusetts Regiment of Provincials, who were recruited from the western parts of Massachusetts; while Colonel Moses Titcomb commanded the Second Massachusetts, raised from the eastern parts of the Colony, and Colonel Timothy Ruggles, the First Massachusetts, which was recruited from south and central Massachusetts.  Additionally, Col. Williams was second in command of the entire expedition against Crown Point, subordinate to General William Johnson, and commanded Burke's and Rogers' Rangers, as well as his own regiment, according to Author Wyllis Wright.²

 

Thomas Jefferys, “A map of the most inhabited part of New England”, 1774, showing the locations of Ipswich, MA and Newmarket, NH 

Our hero claimed to have “marched to the lakes with Colonel Ephraim Williams...” and “fought under his command”.  This is a rather ambiguous statement, since it could mean he was in the company directly commanded by Col. Williams, or in one of the other eleven companies that the Colonel was in command of, or even perhaps, just that he was a part of the 1755 Expedition against Crown Point!

 

We know, according to the American Medical Biography, that Dr. John Manning was born and grew up in Ipswich, Massachusetts, where his father Dr. Joseph Manning had a successful practice.  At the age of 22, he “commenced practice at Newmarket, New Hampshire, in 1759”³  However, “He returned to Ipswich in 1760”, to continue his practice of medicine.

 

To date, I have not been able to find any written records that showed
that Doctor John Manning lived anywhere other than Ipswich, before 1759, when he moved to Newmarket, so it will have to be assumed that he resided in Ipswich until then.  If he was part of the regiment commanded by Col. Williams, then it is likely that he would have been part of Colonel Moses Titcomb’s Second Massachusetts Regiment of Provincials, since they were raised from the eastern parts of Massachusetts.

 

Again unfortunately, I have not been able to find any direct written evidence for the enlistment of John Manning from Ipswich, in the muster records of the companies in either the First, Second or Third  Massachusetts Regiment of Provincials⁴.  Also, to date I have been unable to locate a muster roll for Captain John Burke’s company of Rangers.  So, it appears that the door of direct evidence along this line of reasoning has been closed.

 

“The next year he joined Rogers' company of Rangers...”

 

During the summer and fall of 1755, the New Hampshire Provincials, among others, had acted as scouts for the Colonial Army, as the year ended the New Hampshire men were at the end of their enlistments and wanted to return home.  Because of this Captain Rogers was given permission “to inlist at Large & that such Inlistments should be amounted as part of their Quota & the Gen^l. was desired to detach the rest out of their men”.

 

This is confirmed by Seth Pomeroy’s journal entry for October 6^th, 1755, where he wrote “...Except Capt. Simes [William Simes] & Capt. Rogers which are to Stay here at ye fort [Fort Edward] all Winter with each of them a company of volentiers yt they think they Can raise for that purpose...”  Captain Rogers, himself noted the same thing on December 19, 1755, when he wrote that “It was adjudged, both by Gen. Johnson and these Commissioners, that it would be of great use to leave one company of woodsmen or rangers under my command, to make excursions towards the enemies forts during the winter”.⁵ 

 

I believe that James Minot’s phrase “to inlist at Large” meant that
Rogers, and most likely Captain Simes as well, were allowed to enlist volunteers from the other colonies’ soldiers whose enlistments had or were ending.  If so, it is possible that “Dr. Blank” could have enlisted in Captain Rogers’ Rangers during the winter of 1755/56.  But I have been unable to find a record of anyone named John Manning in Burt G. Loescher’s, Rogers Rangers Pvts. Roster, 1755-1761, so again the door of direct evidence has been slammed shut in our face!

 

In the end, we are left with one hit and two misses for direct evidence.  Doctor John Manning was in the correct age bracket to enlist and was about 19 years of age in 1755, but there is unfortunately no written evidence to show that he did.  Assuming that we have correctly identified Doctor John Manning as “Dr. Blank”, we are left with several questions, such as were the original records lost or scattered by the winds of time, did he enlist using a false name and if so, what was it and why, OR did he simply lie and tell a tall tale to “New Contributor”, which changes this from a case of a missing identity to a case of stolen valor!

 

Personally, I found the details in “The Ranger’s Adventure”, for the most part, compelling and consistent with what I know of the wilderness battlefields of the Lake George area during the French & Indian War, and personally I would like to believe that it is a true forgotten tale from a time long ago, so don’t forget to come back next week and read “The Peculiar Case of Dr. Blank, Part Three ©”, where we will talk about circumstantial evidence, inconsistencies, and things that ring true in “The Ranger’s Adventure”.

 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

 

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

 

 

Notes

 

¹ There were several mathematical errors in William Henry Manning’s biography of the Manning family and because of this and because James Thatcher was writing at a time closer to Dr. John Manning’s life, I am going to assume his dates are correct.

 

² From Colonel Ephraim Williams, A Documentary Life, by Wyllis Wright, (1970).  Berkshire County Historical Society, Pittsfield, MA, page 4

 

³ Newmarket, New Hampshire, was a small town on the Lamprey River, about 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Ipswich, near the New Hampshire, Maine border. 

 

⁴ I did find an instance of a John Manning who was the correct age and for whom we did have direct written evidence that he served, and that would be John Manning of Lancaster, Massachusetts, who enlisted in

 

Because this John Manning was from Lancaster and because, according to the History of the Town of Lancaster Massachusetts, by Rev. Abijah P. Marvin, on page 253, that the Lancaster men, including John Manning, “...returned home by Albany in the early winter of 1756” we know that this is not our hero who enlisted in Roger’s Rangers in early 1756.

 

⁵ The Annotated and Illustrated Journals of Major Robert Rogers, Timothy J. Todish

 

 

Sources

 

“Agawam Tribe”, Access Genealogy, [© 2023 Access Genealogy], https://accessgenealogy.com/massachusetts/agawam-tribe.htm, accessed April 7, 2023

 

Essex Institute; Historical Collections of the Essex Institute, Volume 4, [G. M. Whipple & A. A. Smith, Salem, 1862], page 166, https://books.google.com/books?id=WG8MAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA166&dq=%22john+manning%22+ipswich&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjn6cfhuKz-AhUqGVkFHev7CjA4ChDoAXoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=%22john%20manning%22%20ipswich&f=false, April 17, 2023

 

From The London Gazette Extraordinary, Whitehall, October 10; The Whitehall Evening Post, or London Intelligencer, Thursday October 30 to Saturday November 1, 1755.  No. 1511, https://books.google.com/books?id=ltlMAAAAcAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&hl=en, accessed April 27, 2023

 

Hinton, John; “A new and accurate map of the colony of Massachusetts Bay, in North America, from a late survey”, [J. Hinton, London, 1780], https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3760.ar088100/?r=0.209,0.173,0.627,0.23,0

 

“Historic maps of Ipswich”, [Historic Ipswich, ©2023 Gordon Harris], https://historicipswich.org/maps-of-historic-ipswich/, accessed April 7, 2023

 

Holmes, Abiel, D. D.; American Annals, [Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1813], page 229, https://books.google.com/books?id=c9sRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA222&dq=%22Abiel+Holmes%22+%22American+Annals%22+1813+agawam&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj59qPl0J3-AhUQD1kFHQzoBs4Q6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=%22Abiel%20Holmes%22%20%22American%20Annals%22%201813%20agawam&f=false, accessed April 9, 2023

 

“Ipswich in the 17th Century”, [Historic Ipswich, ©2023 Gordon Harris], https://historicipswich.org/ipswich-history/the-17th-century/, accessed April 7, 2023

 

Lepionka, Mary Ellen; “Who Were the Agawam Indians, Really?”, [Historic Ipswich, ©2023 Gordon Harris], https://historicipswich.org/2021/04/21/who-were-the-agawam-indians-really/, accessed April 7, 2023

 

Loescher, Burt; Rogers Rangers Pvts. Roster, 1755-1761, page 187, https://nyheritage.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16694coll98/id/603/rec/3, accessed April 29, 2023

 

Lossing, Benson J.; Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution, Vol. I, [Harper and Brothers, New York, NY, 1851], page 115, [Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, © 2009 College of Education, University of South Florida], https://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/8100/8139/8139.htm, accessed April 18, 2023

 

Manning, William Henry, The Genealogical and Biographical History of the Manning families of New England and Descendants, [The Salem Press, Salem, Massachusetts, 1902], pages 11-12, 716-719, https://archive.org/details/genealogicalbiog00mann, accessed April 7, 2023

 

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, “Jacques Legardeur de Sainte-Pierre”, https://www.nps.gov/people/captain-jacques-legardeur-de-sainte-pierre.htm, accessed April 27, 2023

 

New-York Mercury, Num. 200, June 7, 1756, https://books.google.com/books?id=WcdFAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=battle+of+lake+george&article_id=5163,143158&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFz4Gv7cr-AhXYm4kEHSOSB3AQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20lake%20george&f=false, accessed April 27, 2023

 

Representative Men and Old Families of Southeastern Massachusetts, Vol. III, [J.H Beers & Co., Chicago, 1912], Page 1612, https://books.google.com/books?id=GHIWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1612&dq=%22john+manning%22+ipswich&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjn6cfhuKz-AhUqGVkFHev7CjA4ChDoAXoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=%22john%20manning%22%20ipswich&f=false, April 17, 2023

 

Thatcher, James, M.D.; American Medical Biography, [Richardson & Lord and Cottons and Barnard, Boston, 1828], page 378 to 379, https://books.google.com/books?id=UoFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=doctors+ipswich+massachusetts&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPyKWysPL9AhWJEVkFHaErAVIQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=doctors%20ipswich%20massachusetts&f=false, accessed March 25, 2023]

 

Todish, Timothy J.; The Annotated and Illustrated Journals of Major Robert Rogers, [Purple Mountain Press, Ltd., Fleischmanns, NY, 2002], page 39 to 41

 

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