The Woodsman's Journal Online

Sunday, December 11, 2022

Center of Gravity ©

Corporal Si Klegg has made a serious miscalculation, his pack is unbalanced, heavy and has no hip belt. An excerpt from Corporal Si Klegg and his “Pard”, by Wilbur F. Hinman.

For soldiers of the late 19^th century, the biggest problem with the knapsacks they carried, was how the weight of the knapsacks fell near the back of their necks and shoulders, shifting their center of gravity backwards. This forced them to bend a little forward to bring their center of gravity back over their feet. Bending forward, and the fact that all the weight of the soldiers’ knapsack hung from their shoulder straps, except with the Merriam pack, which had a partial hip belt and a frame to transfer some of the weight to the hips, made marching tiring.

And as we discovered in last week’s article, HERE, in our modern world, just like in those days gone by, where you put the things, and what you have to carry it in, is as important as how much weight you are carrying.

Center of gravity

Your center of gravity shifts depending on what you do or carry, drawing by the Author.

Your “center of gravity” is the point in or OUT of your body, at which your whole body and what you are carrying and wearing, balance. A line drawn through your center of gravity perpendicularly downward, connecting your center of gravity with the center of the earth, is called the “line of direction”.¹ Your center of gravity is the point at which your upper and lower body weight is balanced over your feet, and it shifts with changes in your posture, body weight, activity, and what is being carried, and where.

When standing erect, with your arms at your sides, your center of gravity is at a point about 56% of your height up from the ground. If you’re a man standing erect, this is usually a point slightly above your belly button, opposite your second lumbar vertebrae, and about two to three inches, (five to seven cm) in front of it. If you’re a woman, it is just below your belly button and halfway between the lower back and belly.²

An excerpt from Well’s Natural Philosophy: New Edition, 1879

Since your body’s natural center of gravity is just above your hips, if you load the weight of your backpack or knapsack over your shoulders, your center of gravity shifts upwards and to the rear, and you will start to tip backwards. To regain your balance, you will have to bend forward, tensing your muscles, and shifting your center of gravity forward to a point outside of your body.

An excerpt from Well’s Natural Philosophy: New Edition, 1879

When walking on a level surface, your center of gravity shifts forward, compared to a standing position; just as when walking uphill, or upstairs, it shifts even further forward, to a point outside of your body; and when walking downhill, or downstairs, it shifts it backwards, to a point behind your body.

The soldier’s center of gravity and how it shifts backwards to a point behind the soldier, as more weight is carried on the shoulders, an excerpt from Manual of Military Hygiene, page 255.

As Dr. Valery Harvard wrote in the Manual of Military Hygiene, 1909, “...the center of gravity of the load and that of the body should correspond as closely as practicable ( Fig. 94). This is best accomplished by distributing the weight around the body over as many points as possible; such distribution has the further advantage to bring all available muscles into play without overexerting any special set”.³

The weight of your equipment when carried, to be properly balanced, should be as near to your line of gravity (“x” in the illustration above), and as close in height to your center of gravity as possible.

When the pack you are carrying or the activity that you are performing, such as walking uphill, causes your center of gravity to shift far forward or backwards from your body’s natural center of gravity, the constant tensing of your muscles will cause you fatigue.

Which soldier is standing straighter and has a center of gravity closer to his line of gravity, the soldier with the M-1910 knapsack on the left, or the one carrying the blanket roll on the right. An excerpt from “The Lessons of Our Past Wars”, The World’s Work, February 1915, by Frederick Louis Huidekoper.

Getting the right backpack and adjusting it today

An excerpt from “How to Size and Fit a Backpack”, by REI, HERE.

So, today how do you make sure your backpack will carry its load as close to your body’s natural center of gravity as possible?

First off, you need to get the correct size of backpack and hip belt, and to do that you need a partner measure the length of your torso and the distance around your hips.

To find the length of your torso, first find the 7^th cervical or the C7 vertebrae, which is at the base of your neck, and the top of your hip bones, or your iliac crest. The C7 vertebrae is the bony bump, where the slope of your shoulders meets your neck, that you feel when you tilt your head forward to put your chin on your chest. The C7 is close to the collar of your tee shirt when your chin on your chest.

To find your hip bones, slide your hands down your ribcage to the top of your hip bones, and with index fingers pointing forward and thumbs pointing towards your spine, and have your partner trace an imaginary line between your thumbs to the lumbar portion of your spine. While standing straight, ask them to measure from your C7 vertebra down to this imaginary point on the lumbar portion of your spine, across from your hip bones.

Next, to find your hip size, you can either use your pants waist size or wrap your tape measure around the top of your hips. Remember, since the line connecting your hips is just above your beltline, the hip belt size will differ from your pants waist size a little bit.

In any case, remember to make sure that the padding is long enough to cover your hip bones. If there is too little padding, then the weight of the pack will not properly transfer from your shoulders to your hips.

For more information go HERE.

Now that you have the right size of backpack and hip belt for your torso and waist size, you need to adjust the side compression straps (if any), the hip belt, the shoulder straps, the load lifter straps (also known as load-adjuster or stabilizer straps), and chest or sternum strap, so that the weight of your pack is evenly distributed on your shoulders and on your hips, and the weight of the load is brought in line with your body’s center of gravity.

The parts of a backpack, an excerpt from Royal Eagle Road website, HERE.

The website for Royal Eagle Road trekking packs has a great section on adjusting your backpack to that the load is as close to your body’s natural center of gravity as possible. For more read “Trekking Backpack Guide: How to Adjust Backpack Shoulder Straps, Hip Belt and Load Lifters”, HERE, but here are some highlights.

· Tighten the compression straps to compress the backpack and to keep it from shifting.

· Next with the backpack supported on an elevated spot, such as a log, rock, or table, lean forward to adjust the hip belt so that it is just above your hip bones. If the hip belt is too high it will be uncomfortable for your stomach, if it is too low, too much weight will be on your shoulders, and it will be in your way when walking.

· After adjusting your hip belt, come back to a vertical position and adjust your shoulder straps, so that they are tight.

· Pull the load lifters until they are 45^o from the horizontal. Tight load lifters pull the weight forward and up, closer to your center of gravity, and provided better stability on rough trails.

· The chest straps keep the shoulder straps in place and help distribute the weight of the backpack.

Packing your backpack...

An excerpt from the 1970s era “How To Travel Light”, from Camp Trails, talking about how to pack a backpack.

So how do your pack your backpack or knapsack so that its weight is evenly distributed on your body and as near to your center of gravity as possible?

Backpacks with frames, either internal or external, work best when low density, bulky items, like sleeping bags, are squeezed into the bottom compartment, or securely strapped to the bottom of the pack frame, over the hip belt. Bulky, but light gear, like cook kits or clothing go in the lower and middle portion of your pack. Heavy items, like food, and your tent, should go into your pack at shoulder height and as close to your back as possible. On top of all of this, just under the pack flap, or in an outside pocket, pack your first aid kit, your rain gear, a flashlight, toilet paper, etc.

For more on packing backpacks and knapsacks, read “Knapsacks and Rucksacks ©”, HERE, and “How Heavy is Too Heavy? ©”, HERE.

So, hopefully, you won’t make the same a serious miscalculation that Corporal Si Klegg made. Hopefully your pack will be balanced, no heavier than it has to be and will have a hip belt

Don’t forget to come back next week and read “Building a WWII Emergency Sustenance Vest, Type C-1, Part Two©”, where we will talk about what went into pockets one, two and three and why they are important for survival.

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at BandanaMan Productions for other related videos, HERE. Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube. If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site. I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

Notes

¹ From, Well’s Natural Philosophy: New Edition, 1879, pages 36 to 45, by David A Wells,

² From the Manual of Military Hygiene, page 257, by Harvard Valery

³ From the Manual of Military Hygiene, page 257, by Harvard Valery; 30 Minutes of Everything; “Where is Your Center of Gravity”; and from “Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body”, Physics in Biology and Medicine (Fifth Edition), Paul Davidovits.

Sources

30 Minutes of Everything; “Where is Your Center of Gravity”, [© 30 Minutes of Everything], https://30minutesofeverything.com/where-is-your-center-of-gravity/#:~:text=Your%20center%20of%20gravity%20is,slightly%20above%20the%20belly%20button, accessed December 2, 2022

Billings, John Davis; Hardtack and Coffee: Or, The Unwritten Story of Army Life, [George M. Smith & Co., Boston, MA, 1889] page 318 and 343,

https://books.google.com/books?id=95xAAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=hardtack+and+coffee+john+d+billings&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh4-jj1ePgAhWjSt8KHZApCsQQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=hardtack%20and%20coffee%20john%20d%20billings&f=false, accessed 03/02/2019

Buck, Albert Henry, MD, Editor; A Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, Volume 5, [William Wood and Company, New York, NY, 1902], pages 798, https://books.google.com/books?id=JpQplgCyEC0C&pg=PA797&dq=weight+%22blanket+bag%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwz9mRodz7AhUhKFkFHfBsAF4Q6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=weight%20%22blanket%20bag%22&f=false, accessed December 2, 2022

Carus, Paul, Editor; The Open Court, Volume 39, [Chicago, The Open Court Publishing Company, 1925], page 478, https://books.google.com/books?id=YbdZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA478&dq=%22center+of+gravity%22+walking+uphill&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwnJD_mO37AhVdLFkFHSgRBg04ChDoAXoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=%22center%20of%20gravity%22%20walking%20uphill&f=false, accessed December 9, 2022

Davidovits, Paul; “Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body”, Physics in Biology and Medicine (Fifth Edition), [Academic Press, 2019], https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/center-of-gravity, accessed December 2, 2022

Harvard, Valery, MD; Manual of Military Hygiene, [William Wood and Co., New York, NY, 1909], pages 255 to 257, and 261 to 264, https://books.google.com/books?id=DlA3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA262&dq=%22field+equipment+of+the+U.S.+infantry+soldier%22+1909&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhq_G74Yv7AhUJD1kFHf8cDEcQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=%22field%20equipment%20of%20the%20U.S.%20infantry%20soldier%22%201909&f=false, accessed November 29, 2022

Hinman, Wilbur F.; Corporal Si Klegg and his “Pard”, [The N. G. Hamilton Publishing Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1895], page 160, https://archive.org/details/corporalsiklegg00hinmgoog, accessed December 1, 2022

Huidekoper, Frederick Louis; “The Lessons of Our Past Wars”, The World’s Work, February 1915, Vol. XXIX, No. 4, [Doubleday, Page & Co., 1914 , 1915], page 398, https://books.google.com/books?id=y5zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA398&dq=%22it+weighs+nearly+ten+pounds+less+than+the+old%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD5rq14Iv7AhVHF1kFHf8LAdQQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=%22it%20weighs%20nearly%20ten%20pounds%20less%20than%20the%20old%22&f=false, accessed November 29, 2022

Marquardt, Will; “Easy Guide for Measuring Backpack Torso Size”, March 20, 2017, [© OutdoorsGeek], https://www.outdoorsgeek.com/backpack-torso-size/, accessed December 10, 2022

Panico, Benjamin; “How to Wear a Hiking Backpack”, November 11, 2022, [2020 Resort Outfitters], https://www.broadmooroutfitters.com/how-to-wear-a-backpacking-pack/, accessed December 9, 2022

Royal Eagle Road; “Trekking Backpack Guide: How to Adjust Backpack Shoulder Straps, Hip Belt and Load Lifters”, [© Royal Eagle Road 2020], https://royaleagleroad.com/how-to-adjust-a-backpack/, accessed December9, 2022

Wells, David A.; Well’s Natural Philosophy: New Edition, [New York and Chicago, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, & Company, 1879], pages 36 to 45, https://books.google.com/books?id=fLMAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=backpack+%22center+of+gravity%22+%22bending+forward%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQneuwkO37AhV8hnIEHfdKDd4Q6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=backpack%20%22center%20of%20gravity%22%20%22bending%20forward%22&f=false, accessed December 9, 2022

Sunday, December 4, 2022

Blanket Rolls, Late 19th Century Style ©

For centuries, usually without success, armies have attempted to reduce the weight that their soldiers carried into battle and to evenly distribute it over the soldier’s body in such a way as to be both conveniently carried and to not impede the soldier’s ability to march and fight.

It is a curious fact that during the last part of the 19^th century, the U.S. Army quietly shelved the knapsack, allowing soldiers in the field to replace it with the blanket roll.

During the American Civil War both sides issued knapsacks, the

Union Army issuing the M-1855 and later the M-1864 “Double Bag” knapsack. Later, during the campaigns on the western plains against the Native Americans, the U.S. Army issued the experimental M-1878 “Blanket Bag” knapsack to the soldiers and, although it was never officially adopted, it was used until the M-1910 series of accouterments were approved by the military. This knapsack weighed just over 2-½ pounds, or just over 1.1 kg, empty with its straps and could hold 990 cubic inches or 16,223 cubic cm¹.

However, early in the American Civil War, veterans on both sides lightened their loads and discarded their knapsacks, often
abandoning them alongside the roads, and carried a change of drawers, socks and other necessaries rolled up into a blanket and slung over their shoulder. Even though a blanket roll, or as it was also known the “horse-collar roll” (from its likeness to a piece of a horse’s harness) could be hot and its weight across the chest could impede breathing, soldiers both during the Civil War, and later up to 1910, used it almost exclusively to carry their necessaries.

From 1861 until 1910, American soldiers went into the field with their shelter half, blanket and personal gear all rolled up and slung over their shoulders. However, it should be remembered that the military’s acceptance of the blanket roll did not imply approval, because as a military panel stated in 1889 “such use [during the civil war] did not imply an approval of the roll, so much as a condemnation of the knapsack then provided for the troops”. Additionally, the same source noted that the order discarding the blanket bag and authorizing the official use of the blanket roll is only “...until some more satisfactory method of carrying the pack has been devised”².

An M-1878 pattern “Blanket Bag” knapsack, collage compiled by the Author.

But why...?

So why did the U.S. Army allow the use of the blanket roll by soldiers in the field?

Simply put, American soldiers refused to carry anything more than
was required to accomplish their mission, and they did not like, as one soldier of the time expressed it, to be “trussed like pack mules”³. A veteran of the campaigns against the Native Americans in the 1870s further declared, “The knapsack containing clothes the soldier can get along without, seems to him an additional burden that is better off to lose than to waste his strength carrying”.⁴ In the end, the U.S. Army bowed to the inevitable and did not require that soldiers use of the knapsack and even at times expressly ordered the use of the blanket roll in the field, because as Captain Arthur MacArthur stated “The blanket roll, however, in its various forms, as used by the soldiers of the Civil War, is of greater utility than any other contrivance for carrying the necessities of a campaign; & men will never, excepting under compulsion of absolute authority, carry an equipment that weighs in itself as much as a day’s rations. My judgement is against the use of any knapsack”.⁵

A photo of U.S. Army soldier, circa 1909, an excerpt from Manual of Military Hygiene, page 262.

But why did American soldiers dislike their knapsacks? According Captain N.D. Walker, as noted in the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corp, during the American Civil War, soldiers thought that
the knapsack was a heavy, and that “...it was found to gall the back and shoulders and weary a man before half of the march was accomplished”.⁶

The knapsack and straps when empty, were heavy, weighing just over 2-½ pounds, about 1.1 kg, which is about the weight of a day and a half’s ration of bread and meat. Carrying a knapsack, just to hold things that you that you could easily carry by themselves, simply didn’t make sense to the soldiers.

Also, the pack straps galled the skin and compressed the nerves and muscles of the shoulders and chest. Both the M-1855 and the later M-1864 “Double Bag” knapsack, had straps that connected near the center of the bag, allowing it to swing from side to side, irritating the shoulders and back, and to sag, which put pressure on the lower back. The M-1878 “Blanket Bag”, since its straps were attached to back of the knapsack directly in line with the wearer’s shoulders, did not have these problems.⁷

Also, soldiers of the late 19^th century, found their knapsack to be tiring to carry, compared to the blanket roll. One of the problems of a knapsack of the time, was that it was top heavy with the knapsack near the back of their necks and shoulders. This shifted the center of gravity backwards, forcing the soldiers to lean forward to bring their center of gravity back over their feet, and this made marching tiring.

The blanket roll, by distributed the weight of the soldier’s equipment more evenly over their body, did not pull them backwards, making marching less tiring. And while the blanket roll could impede breathing and be hot to carry, especially in warm climates, it was less galling to the back and shoulders. Taken all together it is no wonder that the foot soldiers of the U.S. Army of the late 19^th century insisted on carrying the blanket roll.

Making a Blanket Roll, Late 19th Century Style

Making a blanket roll, an excerpt from the Army and Navy Register, June 10, 1905, by the Adjutant General of the Minnesota National Guard, page 27.

So, how did the soldiers of the late 19^th century roll a blanket roll?

Step One:

The shelter half is about 65 inches, 1.65 meters, long, by 61 inches, 1.55 meters, wide, and weighs, when dry, about 2 ½ pounds, or 1.1 kg. Shelter halves were originally made using the pattern of the d’Arbi tent of the French Army, and during the American Civil War were called “pup tents”, by Union soldiers, on account of their shape and small size.⁷

Shelter half tents made in the latter part of the 19^th century, such as the shelter patented by Edmund Rice in 1896, HERE, had straps along the border to help keep the blanket roll compact. If a soldier didn’t have a shelter half and instead was using a piece of canvas, he would need three or four strings with which to tie the blanket roll tight, and another longer one (typically the guy rope, which was ³/₈ inches, 9.5 mm, in diameter) to hold the two ends together when the roll is folded into a loop.

Lay the shelter half out smoothly on the ground, with the buttons up, towards the top, and the triangular end to the front or right, like in the picture below.

The shelter half laid out flat with the buttons up, note the four straps sewn on the underside. An excerpt, modified by the Author, from Manual of Military Hygiene, page 263.

Step Two:

Soldier’s blankets during the late 19^th century were 7 feet, 2.1 meters, across the long side and 5-½ feet, 1.7 meters, across the top and weighed 5 pounds, 8 ounces, or 2.5 kg.

Fold the blanket once across its length, so that the long side is now 3-½ feet, 1.07 meters, long. Place the blanket it on top of the shelter half, just inside the buttons on the top and right, with the fold towards the bottom, unbuttoned side; the blanket should cross the seam attaching the triangular end of the shelter half. This way there will be at least a ½ inch, about a 1 cm of canvas uncovered on both the right or square side and the buttoned or top side of the shelter half.

An excerpt, modified by the Author, from Manual of Military Hygiene, page 263.

Step three:

An excerpt, modified by the Author, from Manual of Military Hygiene, page 263.

Next, lay the parts of the pole on the right side of the blanket, towards the square side of the of the shelter half, about six inches, 15 cm, above and parallel to the fold. Now place the five tent pegs on top of the blanket, about six inches, 15 cm, above and parallel to the fold, on the left or triangular end of the shelter half. Last distribute your clothes and necessities across the rest if the blanket, again about six inches, 15 cm, above and parallel to the fold. Don’t place anything hard or sharp in the middle of the blanket or it will gall your shoulder.

Step 4:

An excerpt, modified by the Author, from Manual of Military Hygiene, page 263.

Next fold the left or triangular end of the shelter half over the blanket, and then fold the bottom canvas up and over the blanket. Now tightly roll the blanket and canvas, towards the top or buttoned side of the shelter half. The Adjutant General of the Minnesota National Guard, in the Army and Navy Register, suggested having you and your “pard”, the name for the person sharing your shelter half, roll together, side by side, to get a tight roll. When it is rolled, either buckle it together with the four attached straps , or tie it tightly with string.

Step five:

Lastly, with edge of the shelter half just visible as you are looking straight down at the roll, (this way the seam doesn’t rub your neck or shoulder) bend it into a “U” and tie a clove hitch with the guy rope, first around the end to which it is attached and then around the other end, adjusting the length of rope between the hitches to suit the wearer. Place it over your head resting on your left shoulder. You now have all your essential gear in a nice neat, simple roll that only weighs 12 pounds, 2 ounces, or 5.5 kg.

An example of the items contained in a blanket role and its overall weight, excerpt from, Noncommissioned Officers' Manual, Captain James A. Moss, page 410.

An important note, some authors recommended placing your ground sheet or poncho between your blanket and your shelter half, a problem with this is, if it rains you will have to undo the entire roll to get to your rain gear. Other authors advocated keeping it available, by carrying it outside of the blanket roll.

So why is it important today?

Okay, most of us are not reenactors of the American Civil War or the Spanish American War, so why is this important to the modern reader?

Because there might be times, when you are “misplaced” in the wilderness in a survival situation, and you need to move. Maybe, it has been more than three days and you are afraid that the searchers can’t find you, perhaps you need to move to a more visible spot or to a spot with more water, food, firewood, etc. For whatever reason you don’t have a knapsack, but you might have a blanket, a piece of canvas or even a piece of plastic, but because you know how to make a blanket roll, you know how to carry your important survival supplies.

Don’t forget to come back next week and read “Your Center of Gravity and Why it is Important©”, where we will talk about how to carry your gear and distribute the weight so that it isn’t so tiring.

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

Notes

¹ A Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, Volume 5, edited by Albert Henry Buck, MD, page 797

² Ibid.

³ Uniforms, Arms, and Equipment: Weapons and accouterments, by Douglas C., McChristian, pages 9 to 35

⁴ Ibid.,

⁵ Ibid.,

⁶ Journal of the United States Artillery, July-August 1899, “Rice’s Shelter-tent Half, Blanket Roll and Rain Cape”, by Staff of the Artillery School; pages 60-66

⁷ From the Quartermaster Support of the Army, a History of the Corps, by Erna Risch, pages 359 to 360

Sources

Adjutant General of the Minnesota National Guard; Army and Navy Register, June 10, 1905, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1330, [Washington D.C., June 10, 1905], page 27, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Army_Navy_Air_Force_Register_and_Defense/a1A-AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=spanish+american+war+%22shelter+half%22&pg=RA22-PA27&printsec=frontcover, accessed November 29, 2022

Billings, John Davis; Hardtack and Coffee: Or, The Unwritten Story of Army Life, [George M. Smith & Co., Boston, MA, 1889] page 318 and 343,

Buck, Albert Henry, MD, Editor; A Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, Volume 5, [William Wood and Company, New York, NY, 1902], pages 797 to 818, https://books.google.com/books?id=JpQplgCyEC0C&pg=PA797&dq=weight+%22blanket+bag%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwz9mRodz7AhUhKFkFHfBsAF4Q6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=weight%20%22blanket%20bag%22&f=false, accessed December 2, 2022

Google Patents, “E. Rice Shelter Tent”, Patent No. 573918, December 29, 1896, https://patents.google.com/patent/US573918, accessed November 28, 2022

Gould, John M.; Hints for Camping and Walking, [Scribner, Armstrong & Co., New York, NY, 1877] page 17, https://books.google.com/books?id=PE4MAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17&dq=blanket-roll+1877+goulds&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbwN7X44v7AhUsKFkFHT51A6MQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=blanket-roll%201877%20goulds&f=false, accessed November 30, 2022

Headquarters Army Air Forces; Emergency Uses of the Parachute, AAF manual No. 60-1, [Washington D.C., February 1945], page 4 to 5

McChristian, Douglas C.; Uniforms, Arms, and Equipment: Weapons and accouterments, pages 9 to 35, https://books.google.com/books?id=XR_oRjNZFxsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=M-1878+%E2%80%9CBlanket+Bag%E2%80%9D&source=bl&ots=PoONlYzp4-&sig=ACfU3U2MmTgZ5S7QS6h4NUjzzUR0VdLvsg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgwf6Tu9v7AhWNMVkFHSbwCIY4FBDoAXoECBYQAw#v=onepage&q=M-1878%20%E2%80%9CBlanket%20Bag%E2%80%9D&f=false, accessed November 29, 2022

Moss, Captain James A.; Noncommissioned Officers' Manual, [The George Banta Publishing Co., Menasha, Wisconsin, 1909], page 250, https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qac9Vc_m_Q76tNChMziOP0F3yovN9PmSIrSbazDsdBf_WuDwMSqQJTA6yIWaOM3ocQeXni7KOAutngEy1mCKC_B7qD6xKiyVNIclibGBS1nFWdT9Ogc29SEqlpb_I0s3NEFYL5uW9GrwFw7nEU-71uRw5UT4v7141wFxDGCOuSD_a-tHmse6NT2IRm9GdI5S9R_bWgbJEvHSRHfBRgLAf_Shjfe-H97rAfKS-ejBxW_tpW8vNUMu-U-yFhaB6VnrQidakTyLXaAxpipboW96WUzzDhT5Vg, accessed November 29, 2022

Risch, Erna; Quartermaster Support of the Army, a History of the Corps, [Quartermaster Historians Office, Washington D.C., 1962], pages 359 to 360, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Quartermaster_Support_of_the_Army_a_Hist/Ud8fejE_4XkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=spanish+american+war+%22shelter+half%22&pg=PA791&printsec=frontcover, accessed November 29, 2022.

Staff of the Artillery School; “Rice’s Shelter-tent Half, Blanket Roll and Rain Cape”, Journal of the United States Artillery, July-August, 1899, Vol. XII., No. 1, Whole No. 39; [Artillery School Press, Fort Monroe, Virginia, 1899], page 60-66, https://books.google.com/books?id=XhQDAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PP11&dq=%22journal+of+the+united+states+artillery%22+%22volume+xii%22+1899&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwietpaPr8P7AhW4EVkFHThTBxcQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=%22journal%20of%20the%20united%20states%20artillery%22%20%22volume%20xii%22%201899&f=false, accessed November 22, 2022

About Me

I live near Buffalo, New York and have more than 25 years of experience in the outdoors. I enjoy being in the wilderness, paddling a canoe or exploring the woods, when I am not researching survival, woodcraft, camping skills or life on the Old Northwest Frontier of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. I am a published author and I have been a guide for Birchbark Expeditions and an Outdoor Skills trainer for the Boy Scouts since 2014. I am also a martial artist, having studied several different combat arts over the past 30 years. Currently, I am the author of The Woodsman’s Journal Online and BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.

The Woodsman's Journal Online

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Sunday, December 11, 2022

Center of Gravity ©

Sunday, December 4, 2022

Blanket Rolls, Late 19th Century Style ©

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