What Are You Scared Of?! ©

 

The Canadian bush, near the shore of Lake Louisa, Algonquin Provincial Park, photograph by the author.

You are “misplaced”¹ in the woods and the Sun is going down!  According to your finger clock, you have about four-fingers or an hour, till full dark (for more information on “Estimating The Time Till Sunset”, click HERE).  You are alone and the night-time sounds of the forest scare you.  You are tired, but you are afraid to sleep because your fire might go out or maybe you will freeze to death while you sleep?  Maybe you are afraid of the dark?

No one likes to be scared; however, fear is a normal emotional response to an unexpected and stressful situation.  It can and will happen to you, if you ever become “misplaced”.  It even happens to experienced guides and survival writers, like me, from time to time.  There is no sin in being afraid, however giving into to your fears and panicking is dangerous!  If you panic in the woods, or in any situation really, the situation will only get worse.  Panicking in the woods means that instead of being simply “misplaced”, you are now “lost” and on the path to death!

Should you become “misplaced” or worse yet “lost” your greatest enemy will be your fears, and once fear has set in, it is swiftly followed by the rest of the “Seven Enemies of Survival”²: cold, thirst, hunger, boredom, loneliness, pain and fatigue; all of which can make your fears worse and lead to panic.  These enemies of survival may attack in groups, and in which case they have a cumulative effect, or singly.  Since they are familiar to us, we sometimes overlook them, until it is too late.  These psychological enemies of survival are real and your mental reactions to them, if not firmly controlled can increase your fears and lead to panic: not to be too melodramatic, your reaction to them will determine if you live or die.

Name Them to Tame Them...

The best thing to do if you are scared is to name your fears and talk about them aloud to yourself.  Simply by verbalizing and naming your fears you can start to control them.  Things are never as scary as you imagine them to be.

  

An excerpt from “Psychological Aspects and Seven Enemies of Survival”, by Flight Officer E. M. Beldam, page 31

So just what are we afraid of?  Below are some of the common fears that plague people, both adults and children, when they are “misplaced” in the wilderness.

Scary Night-time Sounds...

“Shhh...What’s that?!  I think I heard something!”  Have you ever had a conversation like that while sitting around a campfire late at night?  Imagine that you are alone, without a fire and you are “misplaced”.  Now imagine that you are injured or a child.  Wow, that just got scary very, very fast, didn’t it?  So, what do you do in a situation like that? 

 

Information on the International Whistle Code from the back of a Fox 40 Whistle package, picture by the author.

Simple, if you hear a noise in the woods, a good rule is to “answer a noise with a noise”.  Pull out your whistle and blast three, three-second long whistle blasts at it, wait a minute and do it again, and keep doing it until you feel better.  Usually you don’t have to worry about wild animals, since they don’t like to be near people.  If it was an animal that made the noise, then it will run away, if it was a rescuer that made the noise, then you are found. 

“What if I don’t have a whistle?”  If you don’t have a whistle, and you should always have one if you go into the wilderness, sing your favorite song, bang a stick on a log or a rock, or as a last resort, shout.

 

An excerpt from “Scouts and Outposts”, The Climbers’ Club Journal, page 178

  

“Why is it important to always have a whistle”, you ask?  I often ask students of my survival classes, “how long can you yell for help, before you become hoarse?”  Another question that I always ask, “How far do think your shouts for help will carry?”  The answers to these questions are, unfortunately, not very long and not as far as you would like.  Shouts for help can only be heard for about 100 meters or yards, depending upon the atmospheric conditions and whether there are leaves on the trees or not, which in the grand scheme of the wilderness isn’t very far.  A whistle on the other hand can be heard for much greater distances, between 200 to 400 meters or yards, depending on what type of whistle that it is³.  This is why whistles are important survival tools and you should never leave home without one. 

If I Fall Asleep...

Have you ever been “misplaced” in the wilderness and thought, “If I fall asleep, I might freeze to death!”  What about “If I fall asleep, my fire might go out!”

An excerpt from “Survival In The Open”, by John T Flynn, M.D., page 62

  

I have slept outside, rough⁴ a number of times and I have been pretty cold, and sometimes I had a fire and sometimes I didn’t.  What I noticed was, whenever the fire burned down or I was too cold to sleep, I shivered myself awake.  Sometimes if your fire burns low, you will have do more than just throw wood on it, you might have to blow it back to life from the hot embers!  This is why you should always keep plenty of tinder on hand.  If you are sleeping without a fire and you wake up because you are cold, it is time to do some exercises; jumping jacks, deep knee bends, walking around and around a large tree trunk, whatever it takes to warm you up and get the blood flowing again.

In the Dark of the Night!

 

A campfire on Lake Louisa, Algonquin Provincial Park, photo by the author.

  

Have you ever been all alone in the woods at night without a fire?  It is really dark and kinda scary.  It’s hard not to be afraid when you can’t see your hand in front of your face.  Don’t forget that there is nothing wrong with being scared of the dark, a lot of people are.  Also, remember that nothing changes just because the sun goes down and it gets dark.  You can overcome your fear of dark by memorizing your surroundings, while it is light, so that you can see with your memory when it gets dark.

No matter what you are scared of, remember to keep busy and to keep calm by singing, whistling, making plans for what you will do later to help yourself survive, or even by telling yourself jokes or stories. Talk to yourself out loud; go ahead, no one but you can hear you anyways.  Use your imagination to pretend you are somewhere else that you really enjoy, imagine doing something fun or eating a big meal.  Do whatever it takes to make yourself feel better and to keep your fears from turning to panic.  Remember, it okay to be scared and “misplaced” things are found, but if you panic you are “lost” and sometimes “lost” things are just never found. 

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at Bandanaman Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

Notes

¹ For years I have taught that, you are never “lost”, only “misplaced”, because misplaced things are found, lost things are not and that is scary.  The reason that this distinction is important, is that in the woods, panic kills, and sometimes word-games make all the difference in your ability to deal with “wood shock” and overcome panic.  For more information read “You Are Never Lost, Only Misplaced…©”, HERE.

² The “Seven Enemies of Survival”, or as they are sometimes called “The Seven Deadly Enemies of Survival”; are pain, cold, thirst, hunger, fatigue, boredom and loneliness.  Your psychological reaction to these enemies of survival largely determine if you will or won’t survive an unexpected situation in the wilderness.  The “Seven Enemies of Survival” as a concept was first developed by Ellis Paul Torrance, in 1953.

³ Scott Free, the author of “Whistle Test: Bigger, Better, New & Improved”, stressed in his article that the greater the distance over which your whistle could be heard, the greater the lung power required to blow it.  If you are injured, exhausted, elderly or a child the more powerful whistles might be impossible for you to use.

⁴ “Sleep rough”, this is a British phrase, which means “to sleep outside because you do not have anywhere to live”, which if you are “misplaced” in the wilderness is true.  Macmillan Dictionary, https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/sleep-rough

Sources

Andrews, Arthur Westlake; “Scouts and Outposts”, The Climbers’ Club Journal, Vol. VII, No. 28, [George Philip & Son, London, 1905], p 178 https://books.google.com/books?id=sU5NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA180&dq=scout+how+far+shout&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&ppis=_e&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRrYTP7v_nAhVOmuAKHTiGBxAQ6AEwBnoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=scout%20how%20far%20shout&f=false, accessed March 3, 2020

Beldam, Flight Officer E. M.; “Psychological Aspects and Seven Enemies of Survival”, Medical New Letter, Vol. 31, No. 12, [United States Navy, Bethesda, Maryland, June 30, 1958] page 31, https://books.google.com/books?id=0ONHAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA12-PA31&dq=seven+enemies+of+survival&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL3Pi55_7nAhXsm-AKHRqTDQIQ6AEwAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=seven%20enemies%20of%20survival&f=false, accessed March 3, 2020

Free, Scott; “Whistle Test: Bigger, Better, New & Improved”, October 25, 2011, https://www.bladeforums.com/threads/whistle-test-bigger-better-new-improved.894108/

Department of the Air Force, Survival Training Edition, AF Manual 64-3, [US Government Printing Office, Washington DC August 15, 1969] p 1.13 - 1.15

Flynn, John T, M.D., “Survival In The Open”, Flying, January 1961, Volume 68, Number 1, [Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, New York, NY], p. 62, 80-82, https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZUDOCzJUrcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Flying+Magazine+Jan+1961&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu0OuB3eznAhWIlHIEHcs4D8AQ6AEwB3oECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=Flying%20Magazine%20Jan%201961&f=false, accessed 2/25/20

“What to leave in, What to leave out”...Preventing Load-Creep ©

 

An excerpt from The Book of Camping and Woodcraft, by Horace Kephart, page 111.

  

When packing for a wilderness adventure, the trick is to take just what you need and no more.  But, “...striking a happy medium between too much luggage and too little”¹, can be easier said than done.

What do you need?  What don’t you need?  What is important to you?  What can you live without?  What are you willing to carry?  What to leave in, what to leave out²?  These are important questions that you need to answer every time you pack to go on a trek in the wilderness.  Another important question is how much can you carry?  For more on how much you can carry, read “How Heavy is Too Heavy?”, HERE. 

What to leave in, what to leave out...

 

Excerpts from The Book of Camping and Woodcraft, by Horace Kephart, page 112.

Everyone has different things that are important to them, and different things that they can live without.  Myself personally, I always carry a light-weight hand axe and a homemade travel board game, with me on my adventures³. 

 

The author’s light-weight hand axe and a homemade travel board game, photos by the author.

Horace Kephart, who wrote the classic, The Book of Camping and Woodcraft, in 1906, very famously always carried a handless china mug with him on his wilderness treks.

 

My modern stainless-steel cup and a handless china mug, like Horace Kephart’s, photos by the author.

Other people that I have known have carried a hard-bound edition of Harry Potter’s adventures on their adventure, each to their own, I guess.  If you can carry it and you don’t have to sacrifice important and necessary items, go ahead and bring your favorite knickknack: it’s your back after all.

Things That Can Lead to Load-Creep

Sometimes it is hard to reduce the weight of your pack because of uncertainty and the desire to “be prepared”.

Uncertainty can lead to load-creep when you are uncertain of the weather, the terrain, the insects, the conditions you will experience, your ability and the abilities of others in your group, and a thousand other worries.  Uncertainty is a fear which can cause you to over pack and carry too much.  Uncertainty is increased when you have insufficient knowledge of what to expect.  You can reduce your uncertainty by talking to experienced, qualified people who have been where you are going and who have done what you want to do: ask them about the terrain, the conditions, if the bugs are bad, what special situations they encountered, or whatever it is that is worrying you.  Another way of reducing your uncertainty is to study maps and satellite photos.  Satellite photos used to be only for large corporations and governments that could buy satellite time, but now, thanks to Google Maps, they are available to everyone.

 

An excerpt from The Book of Camping and Woodcraft, by Horace Kephart, page 110.

  

The desire to “be prepared” can lead to over-packing.  I am a big proponent of being prepared, I lecture on being prepared, I pride myself on always being prepared for most situations, but it is possible to be over prepared.  You can’t be prepared for everything and if you carried everything that you thought you might need you wouldn’t be able to move!  You will probably never have the emergencies that you worry about and plan for, which is why I agree with Richard C. Young III, who quoted Aristotle when he wrote, “A likely impossibility is always preferable to an unlikely possibility”⁴.  So, to keep from being over prepared, prioritize the top 70% to 80% of the most likely situations that you might encounter, determine which emergency items that they share and bring just those items.  Since, you can’t be prepared for every event, sometimes you will just have to wing it!  This is where experience, both your own and that of others, and advanced training comes in handy: don’t forget, experience and knowledge weigh nothing!

Load-creep, It Will Happen to You...

Load-creep happens to everyone, newbies, experienced guides, everyone in between and it will happen to you, too!  So, what can you do to keep load-creep to a minimum, the next time you go out into the woods?  Start out by making a list of everything that you are taking with you before you head out into the wilderness.  While you are out on your adventure, make a list of the things that you would have liked to have had that you left behind, and what you would have used them for.  When you get back, on your list of everything that you took with you, check mark the items that you used and write down what you used them for.  Keep these lists!  After you have been out in the wilderness three to five times, if there is an item on your list of things that you are taking with you that you haven’t used, consider leaving it at home!

While this is a good system it isn’t fool proof.  Prior to the summer of 2017, I hadn’t needed a bug-net in my previous five trips through Algonquin Provincial Park, so I left it at home.  It had been a wet spring, with a lot of rain, on top of a winter with a lot of snow and the rivers, lakes and ponds were all full, of water and mosquitos!  That year I was canoeing up the Nipissing River, and I really would have liked to have had that bug-net so that I didn’t have to eat, breathe and blink mosquitos.

So, try for that “happy medium”⁵, but don’t beat yourself up if load-creep happens.  Just do better next time!

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at Bandanaman Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online, HERE, and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube.  If you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

Notes

¹ Horace Kephart, The Book of Camping and Woodcraft, page 111

² My apologies to Bob Seger, who is one of favorite music artists, this line from “Against The Wind” just fit perfectly with the subject of this article.

³ Here are some other things that I never leave home without, two large contractor grade trash bags (in case I need instant shelter), a knit hat and a sweater (I carry these spring, summer, fall and winter), a Bic® Lighter, tinder and a fire-starting kit (which includes tea candles and a second, spare lighter), a pocket knife and my survival kit, a spoon and my metal canteen with its nesting metal cup.

⁴ Richard C. Young III, “Ace in the Hole”, Flying, August 1972, p. 55

⁵ Horace Kephart, The Book of Camping and Woodcraft, page 111

Sources

Kephart, Horace, The Book of Camping and Woodcraft, Vol. I, [The MacMillan Company, New York, 1918], page 25, 110-112, https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaeRUGK1ePe7CGZVdvYCDNtE9XINKbmq0GoXchU9AHxucyayIG02xkQpO5pNx42aAExTpZxInDZ_YxFjEvNlSm2EtTDbq7eQ46a9XFMnCo4unhdoZxPw9IljYRrmXwiXyOjeiGta93L0mmhmQvhxZazzyhA45uyDglcpF5wN2CvARidIMMR1vmKps9gPhx_OR0L-CmfGcUHe7YBqBDLI_dxWYN-L3jRf_v_jHOSAN0DPYCEEYm6MlpzyA_BIIOANyUjheO9RayONiLd1ruiVtwm4YHxT0A, accessed 2/8/2020

Young III, Richard C., “Ace in the Hole”, Flying, August 1972, Volume 91, Number 2, [Ziff-Davis Publishing Co., New York, NY], p. 54-55, https://books.google.com/books?id=tPhKvA9sdHYC&pg=PA39&dq=Flying+Magazine+Aug+1972&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSs-TG3eznAhXDmXIEHd5XAf44MhDoATAGegQIBxAC#v=onepage&q=Flying%20Magazine%20Aug%201972&f=false, accessed 2/25/2020

Winter Journeys, the Black River, in Foothills of the Adirondacks, Part ...

Coffee, Tea or … Chocolate? Part Five: Tasseography or What’s at the Bottom of Your Cup! ©

Photo by the Author.

   

Oh no!  Here you are, drinking a nice cup of late 18^th and early 19^th style tea, coffee or hot drinking chocolate and there are dregs in the bottom of your cup.  What do you do!  What do YOU do!  Well, you could rinse those dregs away, or just like some people did during the late 1700's and early 1800's, you could use those spent tea leaves or coffee grounds and tasseography to divine the future.

  

Today, at least in the U.S., in this modern age of coffee filters and tea bags; it would embarrass your host or hostess if you found spent tea dregs or coffee grounds at the bottom of your cup.  But historically this wasn’t always the case, in the late 18^th and early 19^th centuries, there were no filters and coffee and tea was simply dumped into the pot to brew.  And so, coffee and tea drinkers recognized that slops happened, and they even invented a fortune-telling “science”, called “tasseography”, to have fun with the inevitability of spent grounds and leaves at the bottom of their cup.

 

“Telling Fortune in Coffee Grounds”, by Isaac Cruikshank, 1790, Courtesy of The Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University.

So, what is at the bottom of your cup and what does the science of tasseography say about your future!?

Louisa Lawford, who wrote The Fortune-Teller; or Peeps in Futurity, in 1861, explained tasseography as straight lines are good, wavy lines are bad and circles mean you should expect to receive money.  In addition, she explained further that dogs and human figures are lucky, while other four-footed animal figures are not and speaking of bad luck, it was considered to be bad luck to read the grounds or dregs in your own cup.  To try this fun tea-party game at home, brew yourself, and a couple of others, a nice strong cup of tea or coffee, or even of drinking chocolate and then consult Ms. Lawford’s tasseography instructions below.  And for more information on how to brew that perfect cup of late 18^th and early 19^th century drinking chocolate, tea or coffee follow the links, drinking chocolate, HERE, tea, HERE, and coffee, HERE.

 

Excerpts from Louisa Lawford’s The Fortune-Teller; or, Peeps into futurity, the cover and pages 109 to 111

I hope that you have enjoyed this article as much as I did.  And next time you are drinking a cup of late 18^th and early 19^th century style coffee, tea or even drinking chocolate, from your modern day mug, and you find dregs at the bottom, don’t despair, just hand it to the person next to you and ask them to tell you what shapes they see!

 

Dregs in the bottom of a cup of hot drinking chocolate, I wonder what it means?  Photo by the author.

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at Bandanaman Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube, and if you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

That is all for now, and as always until next time, Happy Trails!

Sources

Cruikshank, Isaac, “Telling Fortune in Coffee Grounds”, [R. Sayer, Fleet Street, London, April 10, 1790], Courtesy of The Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University, http://findit.library.yale.edu/catalog/digcoll:550651, accessed 2/19/20

Lawford, Louisa; The Fortune-Teller; or, Peeps into futurity, [Routledge, Warne, and Routledge, London, 1861], https://ia802205.us.archive.org/7/items/fortunetelleror00lawfgoog/fortunetelleror00lawfgoog.pdf, accessed 1/15/20

Drinking Black Tea to Stay Hydrated...Say What?! ©

 

Photo by the author.

I am sitting here drinking a large mug of good, strong black tea and naturally my thoughts turned to field disinfection of water and how to avoid dehydration in the wilderness.  Isn’t that what everyone thinks as they enjoy a cup of tea on a cold February morning?  I know, I know, weird, right?

Everyone knows that hydration and fluid balance are important, not just for modern-day adventurers, but for everyone.  The reason why hydration is so important is, because, if you get sufficiently dehydrated you will DIE!  And that, is all together a bad thing.  For more information on the dangers of dehydration read “What is Dehydration and How Do You Avoid It? ©”, HERE.

And we all know, or we should all know, that the best way to disinfect water to drink is by boiling it.  For more on boiling water to disinfect it, read “Water Disinfection: When is boiled, boiled enough…?”, HERE.

 

Boiling water to disinfect it, picture by the author.

The biggest complaint about this method of water disinfection, is what do you do when you are thirsty and want a drink now!  Just what are you going to do with all that hot boiled water?

Why put a tea bag in it and drink it down of course!

 

A cup of tea, photo by the author.

“Now wait a moment,” you say, “Ok hydration is important, and boiling is a great way of disinfecting water, I get that.  But aren’t tea and other caffeinated drinks a diuretic?  Don’t they make you pee out more water than you drink down?”  No, not according the latest research, so read on and “ruminate whilst I illuminate...”¹_.

It is a common misconception that if you drink caffeinated drinks like tea, you will lose more water than you drink, and you will dehydrate.  Another misconception is that you have to drink water with your coffee or tea to keep from dehydrating.  According to Dr. Carrie Ruxton and Valerie Hart, who wrote “Black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration”, these misconceptions are not true. 

There are studies that show a modest diuretic effect occurs when people consume caffeine pills, with a dosage of between 370 to 612 mg per day for an average sized adult weighing 154 pounds (70 kg).  However, caffeine pills are not mugs of tea and these studies can’t be directly compared, because the average cup of tea only contains between 42 and 50 mg of caffeine² and this caffeine is consumed with seven to eight ounces of liquid (200 to 250 ml).  In Dr. Ruxton and Ms. Hart’s study, test subject drank either four mugs of tea (an average daily caffeine intake of 168 mg) or six mugs of tea (a dose of 252 mg of caffeine) over twelve hours³.  Over the course of the study, it was found that consuming either four or six mugs of tea a day had no adverse effect on hydration and that water and tea have the same ability to hydrate your body.

“But Bandanaman,” you say, “I drink coffee not tea, can I drink coffee with out becoming dehydrated?”

Yes, yes you can.  However, remember that coffee contains about three times as much caffeine as tea, and as the Tea Advisory Panel’s E-Bulletin suggests, as long as you don’t drink more than 300 mg of caffeine, which is equal to six to seven cups of tea or up to two cups of coffee, in one sitting, you are okay.

I hope that you continue to enjoy The Woodsman’s Journal Online and look for me on YouTube at Bandanaman Productions for other related videos, HERE.  Don’t forget to follow me on both The Woodsman’s Journal Online and subscribe to BandanaMan Productions on YouTube, and if you have questions, as always, feel free to leave a comment on either site.  I announce new articles on Facebook at Eric Reynolds, on Instagram at bandanamanaproductions, and on VK at Eric Reynolds, so watch for me.

That is all for now, and as always, until next time, Happy Trails!

Notes

¹ My apologies to Robin Williams and Genie, but I love the 1992 Disney film Aladdin.

² 42 mg of caffeine is the estimated dosage, for tea prepared by a standardized method, as calculated by Dr. Ruxton and Ms. Hart for their study and 50 mg is the dosage of caffeine per cup as calculated by the British Food Standard Agency

Ruxton, Carrie H. and Hart, Valerie A., “Black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration”, p 1 & 3

³ The mugs of tea in this study were made by the researchers in a standardized manner; by adding a tea bag and 7.8 ounces (230 ml) of freshly boiled water to a mug, stirring the tea bag in the mug three times clockwise before letting it brew for 40 seconds.  After 40 seconds, the tea was stirred three more times, before the bag was squeezed against the side of the mug and removed.  Just under an ounce of milk (.7 of an ounce or 20 ml to be exact) was added to the tea, resulting in a cup of tea that was just over 8 ounces (240 ml).  So, four mugs of tea in a day equal just over 32 ounces (960 ml) and six mugs in a day equal just over 48 ounces (1,440 ml) of liquid.

Sources

Ruxton, Carrie H. and Hart, Valerie A., “Black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration”, [British Journal of Nutrition, January 19, 2011], p. 1-8

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E5142A6CCACBB28C1018119B2CE2935D/S0007114511000456a.pdf/black_tea_is_not_significantly_different_from_water_in_the_maintenance_of_normal_hydration_in_human_subjects_results_from_a_randomised_controlled_trial.pdf, accessed 2/8/2020

“Tea Advisory Panel E-Bulletin”,

https://www.teaadvisorypanel.com/assets/uploads/files/news/Tea_ebulletin1_lg_comments_2_docrev_docfinja.doc, accessed 2/8/2020